Suan Zao Ren/Zizyphus spinosa

Modern research showed that Suan Zao Ren had sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anti-convulsion effects and could lower body temperature. Water extract of Suan Zao Ren could inhibit HR, Lvsp, dpldt in situ heart of rabbits, prevent and treat arrhythmia induced by aconitine, chloroform and BaCl 2 . Its ethanol extract could significantly lower the blood pressure in anaesthetized rats, cats and dogs. Suan Zao Ren and its active ingredients could lower blood fat level. It could obviously increase anti-anoxic ability. Suan Zao Ren could also treat burn, improve immunity, excite the uterus, increase body strength and improve memory.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat insomnia, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, sleep walking, pain, hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood and thyroid adenoma, etc.

Standardized jujuboside extract (SJE) has inhibitory effects on glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitatory signal pathway in hippocampus and probably acts through its anti-CaM (calcium modulated protein) action.Glu (0.5 mM) induced an intracellular [Ca2+] increase (P< 0.01), and SJE significantly inhibited the Glu-induced Ca2+ increase (Zhang et al., 2003).

Protojujubosides A and jujubosides A, B, and C were found to show potent immunological adjuvant activity (Matsuda et al., 1997).SJE has both a sedative and hypnotic effect and reverses excitation caused by caffeine (Chang Yong Zhong et al., 1995). Insomnia due to anxiety and irritability was successfully treated by SJE (Zhong Xi Yi et al., 1982).

Inhibitory effect of jujuboside A on glutamate-mediated excitatory signal pathway in hippocampus.

Zhang M, Ning G, Shou C, Lu Y, Hong D, Zheng X. Planta Med. 2003 Aug; 69(8): 692-5.

Jujuboside A (JuA) is a main component of jujubogenin extracted from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba Mill var spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H F Chou (Ziziphus), which is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety. Previously, we reported the inhibitory effects of JuA on hippocampal formation in vivo and in vitro, the present study was carried out to examine the effects of JuA on glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitatory signal pathway in hippocampus. Microdialysis coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor the changes of Glu levels in the hippocampus induced by penicillin sodium, or a mixture of penicillin sodium and JuA. The results showed that penicillin increased the hippocampal Glu concentration (P< 0.01) and a high dose of JuA (0.1 g/L) significantly blocked penicillin-induced Glu release (P< 0.05). Moreover, the effect of JuA on intracellular Ca2+ changes after the stimulation by Glu was studied in cultured hippocampal neurons with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). It was found that Glu (0.5 mM) induced an intracellular [Ca2+] increase (P< 0.01), and JuA significantly inhibited the Glu-induced Ca2+ increase. The calmodulin (CaM) antagonist trifluoperazine (TFP) showed a similar inhibitory effect as JuA. These observations suggested that JuA has inhibitory effects on Glu-mediated excitatory signal pathway in hippocampus and probably acts through its anti-calmodulin action.

Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIV. Structure elucidation and immunological adjuvant activity of novel protojujubogenin type triterpene bisdesmosides, protojujubosides A, B, and B1, from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (Zizyphi Spinosi Semen).

Matsuda H, Murakami T, Ikebata A, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1999 Dec; 47(12): 1744-8.

Following the elucidation of jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B, novel protojujubogenin type triterpene bisdesmosides, protojujubosides A, B, and B1, were isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa Hu. The structures of protojujubosides A, B, and B1 were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included the conversion of protojujubosides to known jujubosides using enzymatic hydrolysis. Protojujubosides A and jujubosides A, B, and C were found to show potent immunological adjuvant activity.

Bioactive saponins and glycosides. X. On the constituents of zizyphi spinosi semen, the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa Hu (1): structures and histamine release-inhibitory effect of jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B.

Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Ikebata A, Wakao S, Murakami N, Matsuda H, Yamahara J. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1997 Jul; 45(7): 1186-92.

New dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B1 were isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba MILL. var. spinosa Hu, together-with three known saponins. The structures of jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B were found to inhibit the histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells induced by antigen-antibody-reaction.

Dang Gui/Angelica Sinensis

Modern research showed that it could relieve the spasm of the coronary artery and increase the volume in the coronary artery. It could improve the cellular immunity and humeral immunity. Dang Gui contains two kinds of ingredients that could excite and inhibit the uterus respectively. Decoction of Dang Gui had inhibitory effect on bacteria such as shigella dysenteriae, typhoid bacillus, bacillus paratyphosus, comma bacillus, bacillus coli and hemolytic streptococcus, etc. The volatile oil of Dang Gui had sedative effect on the brain. Besides, it could protect the liver and had diuretic effect on anaesthetized animals.

Dang Gui can be used in the treatment of arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, pulmonary artery hypertension, hemorrhoids, senile refractory constipation, myopia, vertigo, chronic prostatitis, sudden deafness, chronic hepatitis, tumors, impotence, erythema nodosum, coronary heart disease, hepatocirrhosis, peptic ulcer and menstrual problems, etc.

The mechanism of Astragalus Membranaceus and Angelica Sinensis in remedying renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury may be relative to their regulation of TNF-alpha, bFGF and other cytokines (Xu et al., 2002).

Angelica Sinensis Improves blood circulation and inhibits heart rate by reducing ‘Blood Stagnation’ as well as having a anti-arrhythmic effect (Chen & Chen 2004 P.921).

Angelica Sinensis has a protective effect on immunological injury induced by TNBS and ethanol enema in rats, which was probably due to the mechanism of anti-oxidation, immuno-modulation and promotion of wound repair (Liu et al., 2003).

Angelica Sinensis polysaccharide fractions effectively inhibit H2O2-caused decrease of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and also reduced H2O2-caused decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion (Yang et al., 2007).Angelica Sinensis treats insomnia (Chen & Chen, 2004 P.922).

Angelica essential oil, as does diazepam, exhibits an anxiolytic-like effect and inhibits stress-induced hyperthermia (Chen et al., 2004).

Protective effect of angelica sinensis polysaccharide on experimental immunological colon injury in rats.

Liu SP, Dong WG, Wu DF, Luo HS, Yu JP. World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Dec; 9(12): 2786-90.

AIM: To study the effect of angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) on immunological colon injury and its mechanisms in rats. METHODS: Immunological colitis model of rats was induced by intracolon enema with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and ethanol. The experimental animals were randomly divided into normal control, model control, 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy groups and three doses of ASP therapy groups. The 6 groups were treated intracolonically with normal saline, normal saline, 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg.kg(-1)), and ASP daily (8:00 am) at the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg.kg(-1) respectively for 21 days 7 d following induction of colitis. The rat colon mucosa damage index (CMDI), the histopathological score (HS), the score of occult blood test (OBT), and the colonic MPO activity were evaluated. The levels of SOD, MDA, NO, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-10 in colonic tissues were detected biochemically and immunoradiometrically. The expressions of TGF-beta and EGF in colonic tissues were also determined immunochemically. RESULTS: Enhanced colonic mucosal injury, inflammatory response and oxidative stress were observed in colitis rats, which manifested as significant increases of CMDI, HS, OBT, MPO activity, MDA and NO contents, as well as the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-2 in colonic tissues, although colonic TGF-beta protein expression, SOD activity and IL-10 content were significantly decreased compared with the normal control (P<0.01). However, these parameters were found to be significantly ameliorated in colitis rats treated intracolonically with ASP at the doses of 400 and 800 mg.kg(-1) (P<0.05-0.01). Meantime, colonic EGF protein expression in colitis rats was remarkably up-regulated. CONCLUSION: ASP has a protective effect on immunological colon injury induced by TNBS and ethanol enema in rats, which was probably due to the mechanism of antioxidation, immunomodulation and promotion of wound repair.

Experimental study of anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis.

Shang P, Qian AR, Yang TH, Jia M, Mei QB, Cho CH, Zhao WM, Chen ZN. World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Sep; 9(9): 1963-7.

AIM: To investigate the in vivo anti-tumor effects of total polysaccharide (AP-0) isolated from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui) on mice and the in vitro inhibitory effects of AP-0 and the sub-constituents (AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3) separated from AP-0 on invasion and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Three kinds of murine tumor models in vivo, sarcoma 180 (S180), leukemia L1210 and Ehrlich ascitic cancer (EAC) were employed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of AP-0. For each kind of tumor model, three experimental groups were respectively given AP-0 at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg by ip once a day for 10 days. Positive control groups were respectively given Cy at a dose of 30 mg/kg for S180 and leukemia L1210, and 5-FU at a dose of 20 mg/kg for EAC. On d 11, mice bearing S180 were sacrificed and the masses of tumors, spleens and thymus weighed. The average living days of mice bearing EAC and of mice bearing L1210 were observed, and the rates of life prolongation of each treatment were calculated, respectively. The inhibitory effects of APs on hepatoma invasion and metastasis in vitro were investigated by employing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HHCC) with the Matrigel invasion chamber, adhesion to extracellular matrix and chemotatic migration tests, respectively. RESULTS: AP-0 had no obviously inhibitory effect on the growth of S180, but it could significantly decrease the thymus weights of the mice bearing S180. AP-0 could significantly reduce the production of ascitic liquids and prolong the life of mice bearing EAC. AP-0 could also increase the survival time of mice bearing L1210. AP-0 and AP-2 had significantly inhibitory effects on the invasion of HHCC into the Matrigel reconstituted basement membrane with the inhibitory rates of 56.4 % and 68.3 %, respectively. AP-0, AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 could influence the adhesion of HHCC to extracellular matrix proteins (Matrigel and fibronectin) at different degrees, among them only AP-3 had significant blocking effect on the adhesion of HHCC to fibronectin with an inhibitory rate of 30.3 %. AP-0, AP-1 and AP-3 could partially inhibit the chemotactic migration abilities of HHCC. CONCLUSION: The experimental findings suggest that the total polysaccharide of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Chinese Danggui) possesses anti-tumor effects on experimental tumor models in vivo and inhibitory effects on invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro.

Effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides on lymphocyte proliferation and induction of IFN-gamma.

Shan JJ, Wang Y, Wang SC, Liu D, Hu ZB. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Jul; 37(7): 497-500.

AIM: To study the effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides on lymphocyte proliferation and induction of IFN-gamma. METHODS: Angelica sinensis polysaccharides(AP) were separated into AP-I, AP-II, AP-III and AP-IV by alcohol deposition with different concentration. The radioactivities of [3H]-TdR uptake by lymphocyte were used to determine the ability of lymphocyte. The bioactivity of IFN-gamma was measured by violet crystalline dying. RESULTS: AP-IV was found to be composed of Ara and Glu in the ratio of 0.99:6.47, the molecular weight was estimated to be 5, 600. AP-I and AP-II 100 mg.kg-1 i.p. were found to significantly augment mice splenocyte proliferation, release IFN-gamma and increase IFN-gamma bioactivity. 50 micrograms.mL-1 AP-I, AP-II and AP-III were shown to enhance the proliferative response of the mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. CONCLUSION: AP-I and AP-II showed higher immunoactivity than AP-III, AP-IV had no effect.

Adjustment effect of Radix Astragalus and Radix Angelicae sinensis on TNF-alpha and bFGF on renal injury induced by ischemia reperfusion in rabbit.

Xu XY, Li LH, Wu LS, Zhao CL, Lin HY. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Oct; 27(10): 771-3.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis in renal ischemia reperfusion injury of rabbits. METHOD: Thirty-four healthy mature Japanese big-ear rabbits were randomized into control group, IR model group, Astragalus Membranaceus + IR group and Danggui + IR group. Renal ischemia lasted for 1 hour and then the renal reperfusion lasted for 48 hours. At the end, kidneys were observed with Electron Microscopy and the level of Cr in serum and the level of TNF-alpha and bFGF in kidneys were measured. RESULT: The changes of kidneys in IR model group were significant, but they were slight in Astragalus Membranaceus + IR group and Danggui + IR group. The level of Cr in serum and the level of TNF-alpha in kidneys of IR model group were higher and yet the level of bFGF decreased obviously. The level of Cr and TNF-alpha in Astragalus Membranaceus + IR group and Danggui + IR group was lower than that in IR model group and the level of bFGF was higher than that in IR model group. CONCLUSION: The mechanism of Astragalus Membranaceus and Danggui in remedying renal IR injury may be relative to their regulation of TNF-alpha, bFGF and other cytokines.

Effect of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) on melanocytic proliferation, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in vitro.

Deng Y, Yang L. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 Mar; 23(3): 239-41.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) on melanocytes and tyrosinase activity. METHODS: MTT method and cleavage by NaOH were employed to measure the proliferation and melanin synthesis of melanocytes, respectively. Tyrasinase activity assessment was performed by measuring the rate of oxidation of DL-dopa. RESULTS: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) was found to promote melanocytic proliferation (P< 0.05), resulting in a statistically significant increase in the cell counts (P< 0.05). It also enhanced melanin synthesis (P< 0.05) and tryosinase activity (P< 0.05) of the melanocytes, and the most potent effects were achieved at the concentration of 1 g/L (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) promotes melanocytic proliferation, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, which may be the mechanism for validating its clinical use in the treatment of skin pigmentation.

Protective effect of Angelica on ECV(304) from injury induced by hyperlipidemic serum in vitro.

Wang BH, Ouyang JP, Liu YM, Wei L, Yang JW. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2001 Jun; 53(3): 240-3.

The aim of this article was to examine the protective effect of Chinese traditional medicine Angelica on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, ECV(304)) from injury induced by hyperlipidemic serum (HLS) and to study the underlying mechanisms. Microstructures of HUVECs were observed by a scanning electron microscope. Spectrophotometer and immunocytochemical methods were used to detect the content of NO in the suspension and expression of ICAM-1, TGFbeta(1), bFGF on the cell surface, respectively. After being incubated with HLS for 24 hours, HUVECs exhibited pronounced morphological changes, such as disappearance of microvilli on the endothelial cell (EC) surface, rupture of cell membranes, etc. Expression of ICAM-l and bFGF in ECs was significantly increased, while expression of TGFbeta(1) and the release of NO from ECs were significantly decreased. All these effects of HLS on ECs can be reversed by Angelica significantly. The above effects of Angelica may be related to its anti-atherosclerotic action.

Dang Shen / Codonopsis pilosula

Modern research showed that Dang Shen was a tonic, having adaptogenic, anti-fatigue, and anti-ageing and anti-anoxic effects. It could improve the learning and memory of mice, and improve immunity as well. Dang Shen could elevate RBC count, increase amount of hemoglobin and lower WBC count. Extracts of Dang Shen could increase blood flow volume in the brain, lower limbs and internal organs. Dang Shen at different concentrations had inhibitory or exciting effect on isolated ileum of guinea pigs, and had treating as well as preventative and protective effects on gastric ulcers. It also elevated the content of PGE 2 in stomach tissues. Dang Shen could significantly excite isolated uterus of rats, increase plasma corticosterone in mice and elevate blood sugar. It also had anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, analgesic, anti-tussive and expectorant effects.

In clinic, Dang Shen is used to treat coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, hypotension, hyperlipemia, chronic bronchitis, neurosis, chronic enteritis, prolapse of the anus, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, malposition of the fetus, fabism, altitude stress and psoriasis, etc.

Codonopsis pilosula possessed an exciting action on the isolated gastric smooth muscle strips of the rat. The exciting action of Codonopsis pilosula was partially mediated via cholinergic M and N receptors (Zheng et al., 1998).

Codonopsis pilosula had higher efficacy on gastric ulcer induced by stress, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide and little significant effect on ulcers induced by pyloroligature. The Codonopsis pilosula extract was also capable of reducing gastric acid pepsin secretion (Wang et al., 1997).

Codonopsis pilosula has effects on anti-ageing, anti-oxidative, anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, immunity enhancing activities (Chen, 2008).

Codonopsis pilosula administered to the myocardial cells of rats with the results indicating that the activity of Phosphodiesterase (PDE) was inhibited and that cAMP was less hydrolyzed and increased in contents. When the extract was administered to the PRP of rabbits, the inhibiting rate of CaM activity rose with the increase of concentration in the extract (Qin et al., 1994).

Codonopsis pilosula has a major adaptogenic effects (Panossian, 2003).

Effects of Dangshen on isolated gastric muscle strips in rats.

Zheng TZ, Li W, Qu SY, Ma YM, Ding YH, Wei YL. World J Gastroenterol. 1998 Aug; 4(4): 354-356.

AIM: To study the effects of Dangshen dried root of Codonopsis Pilosula (Franch) Nannf on contractile activity of isolated gastric muscle strips in rats and its possible mechanism involved. METHODS: Each isolated gastric muscle strip was put in a tissue chamber containing 5ml Krebs solution, constantly warmed by water jacket at 37?mgr; and supplied with a mixed gas of 95% O(2) and 5% CO(2). After incubating for 1h with 1g tension, Dangshen of varied concentration was added cumulatively in the tissue chamber at intervals of 2 minutes. The isometrical response was measured on ink-writing recorders. RESULTS: Dangshen dose dependence increased the resting tension of longitudinal muscle (LM) of fundus (r =0.96, P< 0.01), the mean contractile amplitude of circular muscle (CM) of the stomach body (r =0.87, P< 0.05) and CM of antrum (r =0.98, P< 0.01), and the motility index CM of pylorus(r =0.87, P< 0.05). Atropine (5 10( 8)mol/L) or Hexamethonium (10( 5)mol/L) or Indomethacin (5 10( 7)mol/L) was given 2 minutes before the administration of Dangshen, it did not abolish its dose related manner. Atropine apparently reduced the increasing action of 10% and 30% Dangshen on the resting tension of LM of fundus (P< 0.05), 30%, 100% and 200% Dangshen on bodied strips (P< 0.05), 100% and 200% Dangshen on antral strips (P< 0.05). Hexamethonium reduced the increasing action of 10% and 30% Dangshen on the resting tension of LM of fundus (P< 0.05 and P< 0.05), 30%, 100% and 200% Dangshen on bodied strips (P< 0.05), and 100% and 200% Dangshen on pyloric strips (P< 0.05). Indomethacin inhibited the effect of 10% Dangshen on the resting tension of LM of fundus (P< 0.05), but did not affect the exciting action of Dangshen on strips of body, antrum and pylorus. CONCLUSION: The results showed that Dangshen possessed exciting action on the isolated gastric smooth muscle strips of the rat. The exciting action of Dangshen was partially mediated via cholinergic M and N receptors.

Immunomodulatory effect of a polysaccharide-enriched preparation of Codonopsis pilosula roots.

Wang ZT, Ng TB, Yeung HW, Xu GJ. Gen Pharmacol. 1996 Dec; 27(8): 1347-50.

1. A polysaccharide-enriched fraction (CPPS) was prepared from Codonopsis pilosula root extract utilizing a procedure that entailed extraction with aqueous buffer and precipitation with ethanol. 2. After administration of CPPS in drinking water to C57BL/6 mice at a dosage of 10 mg/L for 4 weeks, the splenocytes exhibited lowered mitogenic responses to Concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The in vitro production of reactive nitrogen intermediates was inhibited. 3. However, when oral administration of CPPS was prolonged to 8 weeks, there was a potentiation of ConA-stimulated and LPS-stimulated mitogenic responses. 4. When tested under in vitro conditions, CPPS augmented the mitogenic response of splenocytes to ConA. However, there was no effect on the pinocytic activity of mouse macrophages, nor was there any proliferative activity on mouse melanoma B16 cells.

Investigations on the protective action of Condonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) extract on experimentally-induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Wang ZT, Du Q, Xu GJ, Wang RJ, Fu DZ, Ng TB. Gen Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 28(3): 469-73.

The action of Codonopsis pilosula extract in 5 animal models of gastric ulcer was investigated. It was found that the extract had higher efficacy on gastric ulcer induced by stress, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide and little significant effect on ulcers induced by pyloroligature and indomethacin. The C. pilosula extract was also capable of reducing gastric acid pepsin secretion. It is possible that inhibition of gastrointestinal movement and propulsion is one of the mechanisms underlying the antiulcer action of C. pilosula extract.

Experimental study on the cardiotonic action of extract from Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.)Nannf.

Qin LM, Yan YF, Wang ZC. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1994 Apr; 19(4): 238-40.

Extracts of different concentrations from Codonopsis pilosula were administered to the myocardial cells of rats, and the results indicated that the activity of PDE was inhibited in different ways, and that cAMP was less hydrolyzed and increased in contents. When the extract was administered to the PRP of rabbits, the inhibiting rate of CaM activity rose with the increase of concentration in the extract.

The effects of Chinese herbs on improving survival and inhibiting anti-ds DNA antibody production in lupus mice.

Chen JR, Yen JH, Lin CC, Tsai WJ, Liu WJ, Tsai JJ, Lin SF, Liu HW. Am J Chin Med. 1993; 21(3-4): 257-62.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an important autoimmune disease with multiple organ system involvement. From preliminary studies, we have found that six Chinese herbs: Atractylodes ovata, Angelica sinensis, Cordyceps sinensis, Liqustrum lucidum, Codonopsis pilosula and Homo sapiens can improve defective in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in patients with SLE. In order to investigate the in vivo effects of these herbs, we used NZB/NZW F1 mice, a typical lupus animal model used to test these herbs. It was found that C. pilosula, H. sapiens and C. sinensis could prolong the life span of female NZB/NZW F1 mice and inhibited anti-ds DNA production. Although A. sinensis could prolong the life span of experimental mice, it did not inhibit the production of anti-ds DNA antibody. These herbs may have great potential for the management of human SLE in the future.

Immunological and hematopoietic effect of Codonopsis pilosula on cancer patients during radiotherapy.

Zneg XL, Li XA, Zhang BY. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1992 Oct; 12(10): 607-8, 581.

Codonopsis pilosula was used as an adjuvant in 76 cancer patients during radiotherapy and its protective effect on hematopoietic and immunologic function was studied. Results: (1) No influence on Hb and WBC of the patients with radiotherapy. (2) It could reduce the immunosuppressive effect of radiotherapy on delayed hypersensitive reaction, the lymphocyte response to PHA and IL-2. (3) No difference between treated and control groups in most humoral immune indices such as IgG, IgA and C3, but had slight increase in IgM in treated patients, while significant decrease in control.

Huang Qi/Astragalus membranaceus

Modern research showed that Huang Qi could improve immunity, promote metabolism, lower the blood pressure and promote hematopoiesis. It had cardiotonic, anti-ageing, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, sedative, analgesic, anti-fatigue and anti-anoxic effects. It could strengthen the memorizing effect in mice, dilate the coronary artery and capillary blood vessels, and protect the Liver.

In clinic, the herb is used to treat common cold, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary heart disease, coronary heart disease, premature beat, congestive heart failure, viral myocarditis, leukopenia, thrombopenic purpura, aplastic anemia, cerebral vascular accident, insomnia, atrophic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, gastroptosis, chronic hepatic diseases, chronic nephritis, retention of urine, diabetes, prostatic hyperplasia, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, SLE, arthritis, psoriasis, chronic ulcer, cancer, rhinitis and facial paralysis, etc.

Astragalus membranaceus stimulated the release of growth hormone in the rat pituitary cell culture significantly compared to the control (Kim et al., 2003).Astragalus membranaceus could prevent peroxidation induced by free radicals, and alleviate bio-membrane impairment caused by free radicals. The results indicated that Astragalus membranaceus may have anti-ageing effect (Zhang et al., 2002).SOD activity was increased significantly. In the senile, after administration of Astragalus membranaceus, SOD activity was increased (Sai et al., 1995).Astragalus membranaceus was shown to have inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modification by copper in the brain.The effects were similar to and stronger than those of mannitol and superoxide dismutase as free radical scavengers. These results demonstrated that Astragalus membranaceus has inhibitory effects on oxidative stress induced by metal (Toda et al., 2000).

A paper reported that huang qi produced estrogenic effects in mice by prolonging the estrous period (normally 1 day) to up to 10 days.

Nagasawa M et al. Japan Centra Revuo Medicina 1941 73:589, Zhou LM. Shanxi Yiyao (Shanxi Medical Journal) 1973 (9):1.

The intravenous dose of the 1:1 huang qi injection (1 g/kg) did not significantly affect the blood glucose level within 5 hours. Likewise, no significant hypoglycemic effect was achieved with the subcutaneous or intragastric dose (0.5 g/kg) of the injection in normal rats, or in rats with experimental hyperglycemia. However, the herb exhibited a tendency to increase the blood glucose level of animals with hypoglycemia induced by insulin.

Induction of growth hormone by the roots of Astragalus membranaceus in pituitary cell culture.

Kim C, et al. Arch Pharm Res 2003 Jan;26(1):34-9.

The traditional Asian medicinal herb, roots of Astragalus (A.) membranaceus (Leguminosae), is used for many purposes, some of which are purported to stimulate the release of growth hormone in vivo. Extracts of A. membranaceus were tested to determine whether they stimulate the release of growth hormone in rat pituitary cell culture. A. membranaceus was extracted sequentially with 80% ethanol (fraction A), n-hexane (fraction B); the test compound from the herbal extraction was isolated using silica gel column chromatography and was identified with spectral data. Test compound was also extracted by traditional boiling water methods. Induction of growth hormone in pituitary cell culture was conducted with isolated compounds and extracted fractions of A. Radix (dried roots of A. membranaceus). The fraction A was not active in the rat pituitary cell culture, but the fraction B derived from the ethanol fraction stimulated the release of growth hormone in culture. Six compounds from fraction B (1-6) were isolated and identified previously. The compounds 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid diisononylester (1), beta-sitosterol (2), and 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-sitosterol (5) did not induce growth hormone release in the culture. Formononetin (3), 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (4), stigmast-4-en-6beta-ol-3-one (6) and 98-E, a mixture of 1'-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-2',3'-dihydroxy-propylester (7) and 1'-hexadecanoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy-propylester (8) stimulated the release of growth hormone in the rat pituitary cell culture significantly compared to the control. In conclusions, four compounds isolated from extracts of A. Radix induced growth hormone release in the rat pituitary cell culture. The 98-E isolate was the most active inducer of growth hormone release.

Study of the anti-lipid peroxidation effect of Huang Qi

Zhang Yanyan, et al. Herald of Medicine. 2002; 21(9): 542~543.

Concentrated solution of Huang Qi was given to mice through stomach tube for continuous 15 days. Then the mice were killed, and the contents of LOP, SOD and selenium in the liver, brain and serum as well as the content of lipofuscin in the myocardium were determined. The results showed that Huang Qi had a remarkable inhibitory effect on the in vitro lipid formation in hemogenates of the liver and brain, as well as on the serum LPO level and the lipofuscin content in the myocardium. The SOD activity however, was significantly enhanced. And the selenium content in the body tissues was increased by Huang Qi. It was concluded that Huang Qi could prevent peroxidation induced by free radicals, and alleviate biomembrane impairment caused by free radicals. The results indicated that Huang Qi may have anti-ageing effect.

The influence of Huang Qi amylose and saponin in Ren Shen’s stem and leaf on membrane liquidity of lymphocyte and lipid peroxidation

Liang huaping, et al. Journal of China TCM. 1995; 20(9): 558~560.

Huang Qi amylose (250mg/kg, ip) and saponin in Ren Shen’s stem and leaf (50mg/kg, sc) once daily within three days after injury. The results showed that they could obviously increase the liquidity of cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondria membrane, microsomal membrane of the spleen, thymus gland and mesentery lymph nodes of mice; lower the lipid peroxidation level in the serum and lymphocytes of mice, and increase SOD activity as well.

Research on the effect of Huang Qi of delaying ageing (Review)

Sai Dong, et al. Learned Journal of Jinzhou Medical College. 1995; 16(1): 8~11.

Huang Qi oral juice could increase SOD from 18.02±7.76 before administration to 30.96±9.76, peroxidase from 2.99±0.59 to 3.70±0.53 (P<0.01); lower serum lipofuscin content from 1.39±0.99nmol/ml before administration to 2.69±0.79nmol/ml (P<0.01). In animal experiment, in mice treated with Huang Qi, SOD activity was increased significantly. In the senile, after administration of Huang Qi, SOD activity was increased obviously.

Experimental research on the ageing-delaying effect of Huang Qi, Tian Ma and Shou Wu

Sai Dong, et al. Learned Journal of Jinzhou Medical College. 1991; 12(4): 171~177.

In this experiment, Huang Qi, Tian Ma and Shou Wu were proved to have ageing-delaying effect. Different microelements contained in Huang Qi, Tian Ma and Shou Wu had different effects on mice. They could increase the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, inhibit the synthesis and break down of HYP, decrease the formation of cross linkage and thus delay senility. The experiment on fruit flies showed that the use of mixture of the three drugs was better than that of single use of any one.

Inhibitory effects of astragali radix, crude drug in Oriental medicines on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modification of mouse brain homogenate by copper.

Toda S, et al. Phytother Res 2000 Jun;14(4):294-6

Astragali Radix, the root of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, is a crude drug used widely in Oriental medicines. It is a major component of Ougi-Keishi-gomotsu-to, a traditional herbal medicine, used for neuro patients with abnormal sensations and neuropathic pain of the legs. It was shown to have inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modification by copper. The effects were similar to and stronger than those of mannitol and superoxide dismutase as free radical scavengers. These results demonstrated that Astragali Radix has inhibitory effects on oxidative stress induced by metal.

Wu Wei Zi/Schisandra chinensis

Modern research showed that Wu Wei Zhi could regulate the center nervous system, increase vision, enlarge visual field and improve audition. It's a tonic and had analgesic, anti-febrile, adaptogenic effects. It could improve adrenocortical, and spleen immunity as well as cellular immunity. It could excite respiration and had anti-tussive and expectorant effects. Wu Wei Zi could dilate blood vessels and regulate abnormal blood pressure, regulate the secretion of gastric juice, and inhibit, protect and prevent stress ulcer in rats. It could also promote bile secretion and protect the liver. Wu Wei Zi could improve the utilization of sugar in the body; protect the body from the injury caused by free radicals. It had anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat coronary heart disease, hypotension, serous asthma, neurosis, Meniere's disease, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, viral hepatitis, acute intestinal infections, acute urinary tract infections, spermatorrhea, delayed labor, arthritis and skin diseases, etc.

The cerebral tissue injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion or trauma has been considered to be due to over production of oxygen free radicals (OFRs).Schisandra chinensis reduced the swelling of mitochondria and reduction of membrane fluidity of mitochondria, and synaptosomes induced by Fe2+-Cys were also prevented. Schisandra chinensis was shown to significantly inhibit the decrease of synaptosomal GSH content induced by H2O2 (Li et al 1998).

An extract of SC was found to significantly inhibit the MAO-B activity in the brain and liver, SOD activity was increased markedly and the MDA content was lowered. In addition, water extract of Schisandra chinensis could obviously increase the protein contents in the brain and liver (Chen et al 1991).Schisandra chinensis significantly decreased the content of serum LPO and increase SOD activity in aged rats indicating that Schisandra chinensis has an anti-ageing effect (Sun et al 2001).

Contrast study on the effects of Shi Hu and Wu Wei Zi on four senile indices in rabbits

Shi Hong, et al. Journal of Fujian College of TCM. 1993; 3(4):221~223.

In this experiment, four generally recognized senile indices SOD, LPO, MAO and HYP were used to study the anti-ageing effect of Shi Hu and Wu Wei Zi in New Zealand rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups: Shi Hu Group, Wu Wei Zi group and control group. Concentrated decoction of Shi Wu and Wu Wei Zi, and water were given to the rabbits through gastrogavage respectively. 30 days later, the values of SOD, LPO, MAO and HYP were tested. The results showed that SOD contents in Shi Hu and Wu Wei Zi groups were increased remarkably. The content of LPO and MAO in Shi Hu and Wu Wei Zi group were reduced too. In addition, the HYP level in Shi HU group was significantly raised, but that in Wu Wei Zi group didn’t change. The results indicated that both Shi Hu and Wu Wei Zi had anti-ageing effect, and the effect range of Shi Hu was wider and more comprehensive than that of Wu Wei Zi.

Protective effect of schisanhenol against oxygen free radical induced injury of rat cerebral mitochondria and synaptosomes

Li Li, et al. Acta. Pharmaceutica Sinica. 1998; 33(2): 81~86.

The cerebral tissue injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion or trauma has been considered to be due to over production of oxygen free radicals (OFRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of schisanhenol (Sal, an active ingredient extracted from Hong Hua and Wu Wei Zi) on Fe2+-cysteine (Cys) induced injury of rat cerebral mitochondria and synaptosomes in vitro. Incubation of cerebral mitochondria or synaptosomes with Fe2+-cysteine at 37?C resulted in an increase of malondiadehyde (MDA) formation and decrease of ATPase activity. Sal (10-4mol/L) completely inhibited Fe2+-cysteine induced increase of MDA formation of mitochondria and synaptosomes as well as the loss of ATPase activity of mitochondria. The swelling of mitochondria and reduction of membrane fluidity of mitochondria and synaptosomes induced by Fe2+-Cys were also prevented by Sal. Sal (10-5mol/L) was shown to significantly inhibit the decrease of synaptosomal GSH content induced by H2O2. The electron micrographs also showed that Wu Wei Zi markedly reduced the pathological damage of mitochondria and synaptosomes induced by Fe2+-Cys. The results suggested that Sal had protective effect against Fe2+-Cys induced injury of rat cerebral mitochondria and synaptosomes.

The effects of heteroclitin D on free oxygen radicals

Li Qingyao, et al. Journal of Shanghai Medical University. 1999; 26(2): 152~153.

In this research, the effects of heteroclitin D (HD, extracted from a kind of Wu Wei Zi: Kadsura heterodita) on free oxygen radicals were studied. It could inhibit the light emission of respiratory burst of phagocytes in human blood stimulated with zymosan, and the effect was dosage-dependent; it could also inhibit the light emission caused by superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (OH-).

The influence of water extract of Wu Wei Zi on senile indexes in aged mice

Chen Xiaoguang, et al. Journal of Gerontics. 1991; 11(2): 112~114.

Aged mice were given water extract of Wu Wei Zi through gastrogavage, it was found that the MAO-B activity in the brain and liver was significantly inhibited, SOD activity was increased markedly and the MDA content was lowered. In addition, water extract of Wu Wei Zi could obviously increase the protein contents in the brain and liver, and significantly lower the serum cholesterol content. These results indicated that Wu Wei Zi had certain anti-ageing effect.

The experimental study of CPSC on anti-ageing

Sun Wenjuan, et al. Journal of Gerontics. 2001; 21(6): 454~455.

In this experiment, the anti-ageing effect of CPSC (crude polysaccharide of Bei Wu Wei Zi) was evaluated. After mice were treated p.o. with CPSC at the dosage of 100, 200, 400mg/kg for 3~7 days continually, the survival time, swimming time and weight of immune organs were investigated; besides, after the aged rats were treated for 20 days, the content of serum LPO and the activity of SOD were determined. The results showed that CPSC could obviously enhance the anti-fatigue and the hypoxia tolerance ability, increase the weight of immune organs and improve immune-macrophage function in the mice. In addition, CPSC significantly decreased the content of serum LPO and increase SOD activity in aged rats. The results indicated that CPSC had anti-ageing effect.

Bai Zi Ren/Biota orientalis

Modern research showed that Bai Zi Ren could lower heart rate, relax the bowels, and improve the impairment of memory acquisition. It also had sedative effect.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat alopecia, mouth ulcer and primary hypotension, etc.

Biota orientalis dose-dependently improved memory acquisition impairment in the step-down test and memory retention disturbance in both behavioral tasks. The preparation also had a tendency to alleviate memory acquisition impairment in the step-through test (Nishiyama & Chu et al 1995).Biota orientalis has a beneficial effect on the reversal of impairment of memory registration and memory consolidation rather than on memory retrieval in mice, through direct action on the learning and memory process (Nishiyama & Wang et al 1995.

Beneficial effects of biota, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine on learning impairment induced by basal forebrain-lesion in mice.

Nishiyama N, Chu PJ, Saito H. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Nov; 18(11): 1513-7.

The effects of biota (Biota orientalis ENDL.) on learning impairment produced by bilateral lesion of basal forebrain in mice were studied using step-through and step-down type passive avoidance tasks. Basal forebrain-lesion was generated by applying radiofrequency current. Behavioral experiment, started 15d after the survey, revealed prominent delay in the memory acquisition process in the lesioned mice. The operation also induced memory retention deficit in both learning tests. Chronic oral administration of ethanol extract of biota seeds at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/d, from the day of surgery until the end of the behavioral test, dose-dependently improved memory acquisition impairment in the step-down test and memory retention disturbance in both behavioral tasks. The preparation also had a tendency to alleviate memory acquisition impairment in the step-through test. Although precise action mechanisms of biota extract remains speculative, such as what component works on which target, the present results clearly suggest that the preparation affects the learning and memory processes in the central nervous system and improves the impairment of memory acquisition and retention disturbances produced by basal forebrain-lesion.

Beneficial effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription, on learning impairment model in mice.

Nishiyama N, Wang YL, Saito H. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Nov; 18(11): 1498-503.

The effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription consisting of Biota orientalis, Panax ginseng and Schisandra chinensis, were studied regarding learning and memory performance in the step-down and lever-press tests in normal, as well as in learning-impaired, mice. The prescription had no effect on memory registration, consolidation and retrieval processes or on motor activity in normal mice. However, a single oral administration of S-113m at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced the ethanol-induced and scopolamine-induced impairment of memory registration in the step-down test. The preparation also improved the electroconvulsive shock-induced impairment of memory consolidation in the same test. S-113m did not, however, attenuate the ethanol-induced impairment of memory retrieval. These suggest that S-113M has a preferential beneficial effect on the impairment of memory registration and memory consolidation rather than on memory retrieval in mice, through direct action on the learning and memory process.

5c, 11c, 14c-eicosatrienoic acid and 5c, 11c, 14c, 17c-eicosatetraenoic acid of Biota orientalis seed oil affect lipid metabolism in the rat.

Nishiyama N, Wang YL, Saito H. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Nov; 18(11): 1498-503.

The effects of 5c, 11c, 14c-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3BSO) and 5c, 11c, 14c, 17c-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4BSO), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contained in Biota orientalis seed oil (BSO), on lipid metabolism in rats were compared to the effects of fats rich in linoleic acid (LA) or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) under similar conditions. The potential effect of ethyl 20:4BSO as an essential fatty acid also was examined in comparison with the ethyl esters of LA, ALA and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). BSO-and ALA-rich fat decreased the concentration of plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid as compared to LA-rich fat. BSO was more effective in reducing plasma cholesterol concentrations than was the ALA-rich fat. Dietary BSO markedly decreased the hepatic triglyceride concentration as compared to the LA-rich or ALA-rich fats. Aortic production of prostaglandin I2 tended to decrease in rats fed BSO or ALA-rich fat compared to those fed the LA-rich fat. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was similar in the three groups. The proportion of arachidonic acid (AA) in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) of rats fed BSO was lowest compared to that of rats fed ALA-rich or LA-rich fats. Administration of 20:4BSO, ALA or GLA to essential fatty acid-deficient rats decreased the ratio of 20:3n-9 to AA in liver PC to the same extent; administration of LA was more effective. The results indicate that the effects of specific PUFA contained in BSO on lipid metabolism are different from those of LA and ALA. It is also suggested that 20:4BSO may exhibit some essential fatty acid effects.

Rou Cong Rong / Cistanche salsa herba

Modern research showed that it could improve immunity, increase RBC SOD activity and Na + -K + -ATP enzyme activity in RBC membrane, improve metabolism, and increase luteotropic function of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary. It had anti-ageing effect, could increase blood corticosterone in normal male rats. Ethanol extract of Rou Cong Rong could lower blood pressure in anaesthetized animals.In clinic, Rou Cong Rong is used to treat aspermatism, senile cataract, impotence, chronic hepatitis B, chronic renal failure, hyperosteogeny and senile constipation, etc. 

CSH inhibits apoptosis by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion in cerebellum granule neurons and CSH prevents the MPP+-induced brain apoptosis and inhibits the apoptosis-related pathway (Pu et al., 2003).Results strongly indicate that CSH extract prevents MPP +-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. CSH extract may be applied as an anti-parkinsonian agent (Sheng et al., 2002).CSH suppressed the decrease of bone weight and increased mechanical strength in the ovariectomised mice (Yamaguchi et al., 1999).

Acteoside from Cistanche salsa inhibits apoptosis by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion in cerebellar granule neurons.

Pu X, Song Z, Li Y, Tu P, Li H. Planta Med. 2003 Jan; 69(1): 65-6.

In this study we assessed the effect of acteoside that significantly improved cell viability and inhibited lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Furthermore acteoside prevented a neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis in CGNs. Accordingly, our flow cytometric analysis of CGNs after acteoside treatment revealed a decrease in the number of the MPP+-induced apoptotic cells (P< 0.001). Western blot analysis demonstrated that acteoside inhibits the active caspase-3 fragment (17 kDa) (P< 0.001) and the proteolytic poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragment (85 kDa) expression (P< 0.001) following MPP + treatment in CGNs. We conclude that acteoside prevents the MPP+-induced apoptosis and inhibits the apoptosis-related pathway.

Tubuloside B from Cistanche salsa rescues the PC12 neuronal cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress.

Sheng G, Pu X, Lei L, Tu P, Li C. Planta Med. 2002 Nov; 68(11): 966-70.

The neuroprotective effects of tubuloside B, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Cistanche salsa, on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP +)-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cells were investigated. PC12 cells treated with MPP + underwent apoptotic death as determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis; intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by DCFH-DA staining with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Simultaneous treatment with tubuloside B markedly attenuated MPP +-induced cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, and intracellular accumulation of ROS. These results strongly indicate that tubuloside B prevents MPP +-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Tubuloside B may be applied as an antiparkinsonian agent.

(2E, 6R)-8-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid, a novel anti-osteoporotic monoterpene, isolated from Cistanche salsa.

Yamaguchi K, Shinohara C, Kojima S, Sodeoka M, Tsuji T. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999 Apr; 63(4): 731-5.

(2E, 6R)-8-Hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid [(R)-HDOA], a novel monoterpene from Cistanche salsa, a Chinese herb, was found to be an anti-osteoporotic compound. The extract of Cistanche salsa significantly suppressed the bone weight loss in ovariectomized mice, a postmenopausal osteoporosis model. The active substance was then purified by using this osteoporotic model and the chemical structure was determined. The active compound from Cistanche salsa, (R)-HDOA, suppressed the decrease of bone weight and the mechanical strength in the ovariectomized mice. Furthermore, (R)-and (S)-HDOA were synthesized and the activity of each was evaluated. (R)-HDOA suppressed the bone weight loss, although (S)-HDOA did not showed any activity.

Yuan Zhi/Polygala sibirica-PS

Modern research showed that Yuan Zhi could stimulate gastric mucosa and induce nausea, which would result in increase of bronchial secretion and exert expectorant effect. It could dissolve RBC; increase the contractility and tensity isolated or in situ uterus in rats or mice. Its ethanol immersion had anti-bacterial effect.

In clinic, Yuan Zhi is used to treat depression, insomnia, poor memory, hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood, acute mastitis, asthma, impotence and senile dementia, etc.

PS extract may have some protective effects against neuronal death and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD), or other neuro-degenerative diseases related to excitotoxicity and central cholinergic dysfunction (Park et al 2002).

PS has antipsychotic action, as polygalasaponin was shown to have an affinity for both dopamine and serotonin receptors (Psychopharmacol. Bull. 31 (1995) 139).

PS has dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist properties in vivo (Chung et al 2002).

PS has sedative effects as it is a CNS suppressant and it can prevent seizures and convulsions (Chen & Chen 2004 P.767).

PS along with Acorus gramineus (shi chang pu) and Poria (fu ling)