Free Movement (StuckFree)

Qin Jiao/Gentianae

Modern research showed that this herb or its active ingredient gentianine had anti-inflammatory, sedative, analgesic, anti-febrile, anti-allergic shock and anti-histamine effects. Gentianine could also elevate blood sugar; lower blood pressure and decrease heart beat. Its active ingredient or its water immersion also had anti-bacterial or anti-fungi effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat bi syndrome, hyperosteogeny, prolapse of intervertebral disc, periarthritis humeroscapularis, sciatica, gout, multiple neuritis, liver and gallbladder diseases, dermosclerosis, SLE, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and mouth ulcer, etc.

Effect on Smooth Muscles

Injection of gentianine 5-20 mg/kg IV to anesthetized dogs did not modify the ileal movement. Likewise, concentrations of 1:10, 000-1:2500 had no effect on the movement of the isolated guinea pig ileum, but antagonized histamine-and acetylcholine-induced intestinal contractions. The 1:5000 concentration virtually antagonized the action of histamine but not quite that of acetylcholine (Liu GT et al., 1959).

Dan Shen/Salviae

Modern research showed that Dan Shen could alleviate the denaturalization and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in glycerin-induced acute renal failure in rats, decrease the cast in lumen, increase blood flow volume in kidneys, improve creatinine clearance rate, and lower urea nitrogen; it also had diuretic effect. It could protect ischemic injury of kidney and protect the kidneys from the injury caused by gentamycin, also prevent the declining of Na-K-ATP enzyme activity of renal cortex. Dan Shen had obvious preventing and protecting effects on renal hemodynamic disturbance induced by c iclosporin A so that there's no obvious declining of glomerular filtration rate and urine volume, and renal blood flow volume increased compared with previous condition. Water extract of Dan Shen had obvious protecting function on isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. It also had preventing effect on acute myocardial ischemia caused by coronary artery ligation in rats (intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 5g crude drug/kg). For pulmonary injury caused by deep x-ray in mice, Dan Shen could promote the rehabilitation. But it had no obvious protecting effect on thymus gland.

Dan Shen could increase the blood flow volume in gastric mucosa; inhibit tissue peroxidation, strengthening the anti-oxidant ability of gastric mucosa. Dan Shen could stimulate the mucus secretions of gastric wall, consolidate the barrier of gastric mucosal, effectively block the ischemic and anoxia condition of gastric mucosa induced by ethanol so that prevent deep tissues of gastric mucosa from injury. Dan Shen had inhibitory effect on cervical carcinoma in mice. Water-soluble ingredients of Dan Shen could inhibit carrageen-induced foot oedema in rats. Water-soluble active ingredients of Dan Shen and magnesium lithospermate B had the functions of improving renal function and increasing PGE 2 output in the urine. Dan Shen could inhibit leukotrienes generation in polynuclear leucoste. Granular progenitor cells in marrow of mice injected Compound Dan Shen Injection (made from Dan Shen and jiang xiang) is obvious higher than those in control group. Huo Xue Hua Yu Fang (70% decoction made from dang shen, chuan xiong and dang gui in the proportion of 8:3:3) could obviously improve the development of foetus; decrease the pathological changes of placenta in rats. In immature rates, Dan Shen could increase blood oestradiol, uterus weight, and PGE 2 in the ovary. Dan Shen Injection had protecting function on liver cells of D-galactose induced experimental liver injury in rats. In healthy individuals, intravenous drip of 20ml Dan Shen Injection could decrease a rhythm, lower its amplitude in EEG, and 4C/S ~7C/S wave followed by S wave activity appeared, which indicated that Dan Shen had inhibitory effect on central nerve.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat viral myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes, hepatocirrhosis, chronic simple rhinitis, hepatitis, chronic renal failure, nasopharyngeal cancer, infantile allergic purpura, pharyngitis and infantile pneumonia, etc.

Intestinal peroxidize mucosal injury and salvia miltiorrhiza pre-treatment at hepatic ischemia and reperfusion

ZHANG Zhi-yong, CHEN Xiao-ping, LU Qi-ping. Lin Chuang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009; 17(8): 519-521.

Objective: To study the intestinal mucosal injury and salvia miltiorrhiza pre-treatment at hepatic ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Under the condition of hepatic ischemia for 45 min, SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups : normal control group (CO), sham-operated group (SO), ischemia reperfusion group(IR), salvia miltiorrhiza pre-treatment group(SM), then each group were divided into 5 sub -groups according to different reperfusion times (0 h/3 h/12 h/24 h/72 h). SM group were injected 40 ml/kg saline with 6 g/kg salvia miltiorrhiza from caudal vein 30 min before clamping hepatic pedicle, other groups were injected 40 ml/kg normal saline from caudal vein. While SO group were only dissected their porta hepatis, not clamping hepatic pedicle after laparotomy. The upper jejunal samples at each reperfusion time(0 h/3 h/12 h/24 h/72 h)were taken to processed the detection of general pathology, activity of DAO, and the flora shifting of mesenteric lymph nodes. Results The injury of jejunal mucosal in SM group was less than that of IR group, the activity of DAO and the positive rate of mesenterie lymph node bacterial culture were lower than IR group(P<0.05) at different reperfusion time limits after hepatic ischemia for 45 min. Conclusion There is significant congestive injury at intestinal in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, with an declined of DAO activity, and the positive rate of mesenteric lymph node bacterial culture significantly increased. Salvia miltiorrhiza pre-treatment have an protect effect on intestinal injury at hepatic ischemia-reperfusion..

Protective effects of Tanshinone-II A on gastric ulcer induced by stress in rats

Gao Hongyan, Niu Chunyan, Liu Kaige, Wu Fangxiong, Wang Wen, Zhang Qi. Shaan Xi Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009, (11): 1467-1469.

Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of Tanshinone-II A (TanII A) on gastric ulcer in rats induced stress by. Methods: water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) induced gastric injury was used as the experimental model of acute gastric ulcer. Rats were orally administrated with Tan IIA before stresses. 6 hours after WRS, all animals were sacrificed and the stomachs of rats were taken out to examine the ulcer index and observe histologically. The activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in serum and gastric mucosa. Results: 6 hours of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) resulted in appearance of acute gastric mucosal lesions. Tan II A significantly decreased the ulcer index and the activity of SOD both in serum and gastric mucosa. Conclusion: Tan IIA has remarkable protective effects on WRS induced gastric ulcer on rats, which is related to inhibiting lipid peroxidation..

Protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on gastric mucosa

ZHOU Qin-hua, WANG Hong-mei. Zhong Guo Xian Dai Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008; 18(5): 582-585.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on gastric mucosa during the development of noise stress ulceration in rat so as to provide theoretical evidence for clinical therapy. Methods: 24 SD rats were divided into three groups randomly: control group, noise group and salvia miltiorrhiza group. Factory noise was used as infliction factor to induce evadable, restless, nervous in rats and stress damage of gastric mucosa model was made. For Salvia miltiorrhiza group Salvia miltiorrhiza was injected through sublingual vein at 0, 4, 12, 19 h respectively. Pathologic changes were observed and ulcer index (U1) was calculated. PH of gastric juice was measured and the content of NO, SOD/MDA in gastric mucosa and serum were measured by spectrophotometer. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in gastric mitochondria was assessed with 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Result: Comparing with noise group, UI of Salvia miltiorrhiza group decreased significantly (P<0.01) and pH in gastric juice remarkable raised (P<0.05). It was observed that the levels of NO and MDA in both serum and gastric mucosa decreased (P<0.05) and the activity of SOD also raised. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in gastric mitochondria significantly increased, too (P<0.01). Conclusion: Salvia miltiorrhiza may protect the gastric mucosa of rat from noise stress by restraining the secretion of gastric acid, ridding oxygen free radical, bating lipid peroxides and increasing the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in gastric mitochondria..

Effects on digestive system

Dan shen could increase the blood flow volume in gastric mucosa, inhibit tissue peroxidation, strengthening the anti-oxidant ability of gastric mucosa. Dan shen could stimulate the mucus secretions of gastric wall, consolidate the barrier of gastric mucosal, effectively block the ischemic and anoxia condition of gastric mucosa induced by ethanol so that prevent deep tissues of gastric mucosa from injury (Wen et al., 1998).

San Qi/Notoginseng

Modern research showed that San Qi could decrease heart beat, increase the blood flow volume in the coronary artery, lower the resistance of coronary artery and had haemostatic effect. . San Qi and its total saponins could lower blood pressure. Total saponins of San Qi had anti-arrhythmic, analgesic and sedative effects; it could also lower platelet aggregation, lower serum cholesterol and slightly increase fasting blood sugar.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat cancer pain, chronic renal failure, prostatic hyperplasia, bleeding due to ulcers, soft tissue injury, lucrative colonitis, enteritis and migraine, etc.

Effect of Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng on Gastric Mucosal Lesion and Ultrastructure of Gastric Mucosal Parietal Cells of Stress Rats

DENG Xiang-chao, LI Yan-wu, WANG Ru-jun. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2008; 19(9): 2143-2145.

Objective: To observe the effect of total saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) on gastric mucosal lesion and ultrastructure of gastric mucosal parietal cells of stress rats. Methods: Water-immersion restraint stress (WRS) was used to induce rat models of stress. Six hours after WRS, the rats were executed to obtain the gastric tissue. The erosion and haemorrhage of gastric mucosa in rats were observed by naked eyes, and then the ulceration index (UI) was calculated. The ultrastructure of gastric mucosal parietal cells in rats was observed under transmission electron microscope. Results: The results observed by naked eyes showed that no lesion was found in the normal group. However, in the model group, the gastric mucosal congestion was obvious, there existed scattered punctiform erosion and bleeding in the glandular stomach, and the UI was 16.83 ± 4.96; compared with the model group, gastric mucosal congestion was reduced and UI decreased in the PNS group and ranitidine group (P<0.01). Under the electron microscope, there were less endocrine tubular villi in the parietal cells of the normal group, showing a static status. However, in the model group, the number of endocrine tubular villi increased, showing an activating status; compared with the model group, the expansion of endocrine tubular villi was not obvious but the number of cytoplasm interior vesicles in parietal cells increased in PNS group, and in ranitidine group, the number of endocrine tubular villi was decreased and the number of vesicular structure was increased. Conclusion: PNS can reduce the stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion, and promote the wall cells of gastric mucosa transforming from the activated status into static status. The protective mechanism of PNS is probably related with the regulation of acid secretion of Parietal cell..

Effect of Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng on oxygen free radicals in serum and gastric mucosa of stress rats

Deng Xiangchao, Li Yanwu, Wang Rujun. Zhong Yao Yao Li Yu Lin Chuang. 2008; 24(3): 41-43.

Objective: To observe the effect of Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) on oxygen free radicals (OFR) levels in serum and gastric mucosa of stress rats. Methods: Water-immersion restraint stress (WRS)was used to induce rat models of stress. Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into the normal group, model group, PNS group (66mg/kg), and ranitidine group(12.5mg/kg). The rats were pre-treated with corresponding drugs or the same volume of distilled water. After treatment, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)contents in serum and gastric mucosa of stress rats were detected. Results: Six hours after WRS, the NO content and SOD activity in gastric mucosa were lower, and MDA content was higher in the model group than those in the normal group (P<0.05). After treatment with PNS, NO content in gastric mucosa was increased, MDA decreased (P<0.05) and SOD activity increased (P<0.01). In the serum of the model group, NO content and SOD activity were lower, and MDA content was higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). After treatment with PNS, serum NO content was increased (P<0.05), but there were no obvious changes of MDA and SOD. Conclusion: WRS can induce the injury of oxygen free radicals in rats. PNS has protective effect on gastric mucosa of stress rats by clearing oxygen free radicals and inhibiting the production of peroxides..

Su He Xiang/Styrax

Modern research showed that Su He Xiang had anti- ischemic cardiac muscle and anti-anoxic effects. Its active ingredients could inhibit platelet aggregation, elevate WBC count, alleviate inflammation, and promote wound healing. It also had anti-bacterial, anti-fungi and stimulative expectorant effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease, cephalitis, biliary ascariasis, epilepsy and treatment of poisoning, etc.

Chuan Xiong/Ligustici

Modern research showed that Chuan Xiong could increase the blood volume amount in the coronary artery, antagonize the myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin, lower blood pressure, lower blood viscosity and slightly dilate micro artery. It could reduce spontaneous activity in rats and have sedative effect. It also had anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects.

This herb is used to treat renal colic, hypertension of pregnancy, aphasia due to trauma, acute abdominal pain, acute cerebral infarction, cervical spondylopathy, TIA, migraine and pulmonary artery hypertension, etc.

Effects of Rhizoma Chuanxiong on Gastric Ulcer

WANG Li-Juan, WANG Jian, HAN Shu-zhen, PENG Qing. Tian Jin Shang Ye Da Xue Xue Bao. 2008; 28(3): 7-9.

The objective is to observe the effects of Rhizoma Chuanxiong on the experimental gastric ulcer. The methods are as follows: the different preventive effects of Rhizoma Chuanxiong and ranitidine are observed and compared in treating acute gastric ulcer mode caused by indomethacin and pyloric ligation. The results are as follows : the Rhizoma Chuanxiong at 5 g · kg^-1 to 10 g · kg^-1 could significantly inhibit gastric ulcer formation, remarkably reduce the area of gastric ulcer and the gastric volume, and increase the gastric pH. The inhibition rate of the Rhizoma Chuanxiong exceeds 61.5%. There is significant difference between the Rhizoma Chuanxiong and physiological saline (P<0.05). There is no significant difference between the Rhizoma Chuanxiong and ranitidine (P>0.05). Therefore, the following conclusion is reached: the Rhizoma Chuanxiong could inhibit the experimental gastric ulcer obviously, which may relate to decreasing the secretion of gastric juice and gastric acid and strengthening the mucosal defensive action..

Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine on the Expression of Peroxisome Proliferators-activated Receptor g and Nuclear Factor-κB with Ulcerative Colitis

HE Xiangyi, CHEN Weixiong, ZHU Jinshui, CHEN Jinlian, CHEN Niwei, ZHENG Zhong. Zhong Guo Lin Chuang Yi Xue. 2008; 15(3): 341-343.

Objective: To investigate the role of PPAR g, NF-κB and tumour necrosis factor-a in the ulcerative colitis(UC)treatment by TMP. Methods: Mouse UC model was induced by oxazolone, and randomized to four groups:50% ethanol infused normal control group(NC), UC group(OXZ), TMP treat group(TMP) and NS treat group(NS).Disease active index(DAI), macroscopic and histological damage was observed and evaluated. Colonic MPO was measured by chemical method. The mRNA level of PPARg, NF-κB p65 and TNF-a in colonic mucosa was quantitated by real-time PCR. The expression of PPARg and NF-κB p65 were also detected by immunohistochemistry in protein level. Results: Oxazolone colitis was constructed successfully with marked inflammation in colonic mucosa examined macroscopically and histologically. Compared with those of the NC group, the expression of PPARg was decreased in OXZ group but NF-κB p65, TNF-a were higher(P<0.01).Both symptoms and the lesions of colonic mucosa were slighter in the animals treated with TMP than those of NS group(P<0.01).And the expression of PPARg was higher in TMP group than NS group(P<0.01), but NF-κB p65 and TNF-a were decreased(P<0.01). Conclusion: TMP has protective effect against mouse ulcerative colitis, and its mechanism may be related with the activation of PPARg, inhibition of NF-κB activation, and reduction of TNF-a..

Tao Ren/Persicae

Modern research showed that Tao Ren could inhibit isolated frog hearts, lower blood viscosity, inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit in vitro thrombosis. It could significantly lower serum T 4 in mice. It had anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects. It could also antagonize hepatic fibrosis induced by Cal 4 in rats.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat low libido, hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis, hepatocirrhosis after hepatitis, acute and chronic nephritis, infantile allergic purpura, infantile gastrolith, epidemic haemorrhagic fever, prostitutes, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, kidney stone with hydronephrosis, sudden deafness, chronic pulmonary abscess, soft tissue injury and infantile serious pneumonia, etc.

Chronic gastritis

Wan Tong Shu (experimental formula): xiang fu, jiu yan hu suo, chuan lian zi, yu jin, chao bai zhu, 9g each; gang mu xiang, chao zhi ke, zhi gan cao, 6g each. 1 dose every day. With qi deficiency and fatigue, add dang shen 12g, huang qi 15g; with gastric pain relieved by warmth, add gui zhi, gao liang jiang 9g; with vexation add sha shen 10g, mai dong 9g, yu zhu 9g; with vomiting, acid reflux, remove shao yao and gan cao, add zhu ru 6g and duan wa leng zi 15g; with poor appetite, add ji nei jin 9g, chao gu ya 12g; with dry stool, remove mu xiang, add gua lou ren, tao ren 9g. Take the medicine for 1~5 days. 86 cases of chronic gastritis and gastric pain were treated, 47 cases were cured, 35 improved and 4 ineffective.

Adhesive ileums

Formula for ileums: hou po, lai fu zi, da huang, 30g each; jiao sheng qu, jiao mai ya, zhi shi, zhi ke, 15g each; mang xiao, ji nei jin, tao ren, xing ren, 10g each. 1 dose every day, taken in 2~4 times through stomach tube, 50~100ml every time. 150 cases were treated on the base of fasting including water, fluid infusion, gastrointestinal decompression, and 146 cases were cured (Wen et al., 1998).

Hong Hua/Carthami

Modern research showed that low dosage of water extraction of Hong Hua could increase the blood flow volume in the coronary artery, slightly lower blood pressure and slightly increase the heart beat of the anaesthetized dog; while its ethanol extract could lower the blood pressure, lower the heart beat but have no influence over blood flow volume in the coronary artery. Hong Hua injection could dilate the peripheral vessels. In vitro tests showed that Hong Hua had anticoagulant effect and could inhibit the platelet aggregation. Hong Hua had exciting effect on isolated or in situ uterus in various animals. It had certain exciting effect on the respiratory centre in cerebral ischemic and anoxic rats. Hong had hypnotic and analgesic effects. Extractum of Hong Hua had inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori. Hong Hua could also prevent hepatocirrhosis induced by Cal 4 .

In Clinic, Hong Hua can be used to treat refractory haemoptysis, lymphadenitis, phlebitis, furuncles, bedsore, angina pectoris in coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, ulcer and sudden deafness, etc.

Ulcer

hong hua 60g, da zao 10 pieces, honey 60g. 1 dose daily, 20 consecutive days as a course of treatment. 50 cases of ulcer were treated and the curative rate was 78% (Wen et al, 1998).

Effects of Saffior Injection on ACAM-1 in Rabbits following Intestine Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Zhang Hua, Chen Congde, Chen Xiaoming, Li Zhongrong, Wang Wantie, Wang Wei, Wang Fangyan. Zhong Guo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009; 15(2): 170-173.

Objective: To determine the inhibitory effect of safflor injection(Sal I) on the level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) following intestine ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbits. Methods: Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group(group S), ischemia/reperfusion group (group IR) and Safflor injection group(group SI). The intestinal structure characteristics were observed by HE chemistry staining. The intestine samples were obtained to measure the expression of ICAM-1 by immunohistochemistry. Results: ICAM-1 was found expressed on intestinal vascular endothelial cells, especially on intestinal submucosa. ICAM-1 was expressed in group IR higher significantly than that in group S. The level of ICAM-1 in group SI were lower remarkably than that in group IR(P<0.01) Conclusion: Safflor injection can effectively decrease expression of ICAM-1, reduce the aggregation and activation of PMN in intestinal tissue of ischemia-reperfusion rats, which may be the pathophysiological mechanism of underlying intestinal mucosa injury and enhanced intestinal permeability.

Qiang Huo/Notopterygii

Modern research showed that this herb had anti-bacterial and anti-febrile effects. It could also dilate cerebral arteries and increase blood flow amount in the brain.

In clinic, the herb is used to treat high fever, cervical spondylopathy, hyperplastic joint problems, senile rheumatoid arthritis, sequela of stroke, supraorbital neuralgia, pterygium, senile pruritus and drug rash, etc.

Bacillary dysentery

chao cang zhu 90g; zhi da huang, zhi cao wu, chao xing ren and chuan qiang huo 30g were grounded into fine powder, 1, 5g bid. The method was used to treat 96 cases of bacillary dysentery. Results: 62 cases were cured, 28 improved and 6 ineffective (Wen et al., 1998).

Mo Yao/Myrrha

Modern research showed that the herb could inhibit platelet aggregation and lower fibrinogen. It had anti-fungal effect and could inhibit helicobacter pylori. Mo Yao could also inhibit secretion of bronchi and uterus, lower hyperlipemia; it could significantly lower serum T 4 in mice.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat skin diseases, haemorrhoids, acute lumbar sprain and tenosynovitis, etc.

Effect of different matching of Frankincense and Myrrh on resisting gastric ulcer in mice induced by absolute ethyl alcohol

Zhang Peng, Ma Jun, Song Wei, Niu Jing, Wang Feng. Gan Su Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2009; 26(1): 12-13.

Objective To observe the effect of different matching of Frankincense and Myrrh on resisting gastric ulcer in mice induced by absolute ethyl alcohol. Methods Made gastric ulcer model of mice by absolute ethyl alcohol, and evaluated the effect of different matching of Frankincense and Myrrh on resisting gastric ulcer induced by absolute ethyl alcohol by ulcer index. Results Frankincense group, Frankincense and Myrrh (3: 1)group, Frankincense and Myrrh(2: 2) group, Frankincense and Myrrh(1:3) group and Cimetidine Tablet group could prominently reduce ulcer index of gastric ulcer model induced by absolute ethyl alcohol, and increase the inhibitory rate of ulcer, there was very significant difference, and the effect of Frankin-cense and Myrrh(2: 2) group was strongest. Myrrh group had the trend of lower, but there was no significant difference. Conclusion There is the best ratio different matching of and Frankincense Myrrh resisting gastric ulcer in mice induced by absolute ethyl alcohol

Dang Gui/Angelica Sinensis

Modern research showed that it could relieve the spasm of the coronary artery and increase the volume in the coronary artery. It could improve the cellular immunity and humeral immunity. Dang Gui contains two kinds of ingredients that could excite and inhibit the uterus respectively. Decoction of Dang Gui had inhibitory effect on bacteria such as shigella dysenteriae, typhoid bacillus, bacillus paratyphosus, comma bacillus, bacillus coli and hemolytic streptococcus, etc. The volatile oil of Dang Gui had sedative effect on the brain. Besides, it could protect the liver and had diuretic effect on anaesthetized animals.

Dang Gui can be used in the treatment of arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, pulmonary artery hypertension, haemorrhoids, senile refractory constipation, myopia, vertigo, chronic prostatitis, sudden deafness, chronic hepatitis, tumours, impotence, erythema nodosum, coronary heart disease, hepatocirrhosis, peptic ulcer and menstrual problems, etc.

Effects of Sodium Ferulate on the Oxidative Damage and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

ZHANG Jun, WAN Shu-qiong. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2008; 19(5): 1168-1169.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Sodium Ferulate on the oxidative damage and arachidonic acid metabolism in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and its significance of clinic therapy. Methods: In 38 patients with UC and 30 healthy people, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Malondiadchyde (MDA), Lipid superoxide (LPO), activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in blood and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colon were detected by corresponding kits while CAI grade and endoscope grade were evaluated. Results: Compared with the control group, levels of MDA, LPO, NO, PGE2, TXB2 in blood and activity of MPO in colon in patients with UC group were significantly increased while activity of SOD in blood was significantly decreased (P<0.01) ; after SF injection treatment, all the abnormal detection and evaluating indexes in patients with UC group were markedly ameliorated(P<0.01). Conclusion: Sodium ferulate can ameliorate the oxidative damage, inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammatory reaction in patients with UC..

The effects of danggui buxue decoction polysaccharides on the local immunological function of immunosuppressed mice infected with cryptosporidium oocyst

Ji Yunli, Lin Hong, Yu Xinhui, Zhang Xiaoli. Mu Dan Jiang Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2007; 28(6): 6-8.

Objective: To investigate the effect of immunomodulation of Danggui Buxue decoction polysaccharides on the local immunological function of immunosuppressed mice infected with cryptosporidium oocyst. Methods: Mouse models were induced with oral inoculating cryptospridium parvum oocysts after being immusuppressed with Dexamethasone (DEX). And then the mice were perfused with Danggui Buxue decoction for 8 days, in the same time the model group and normal group as control. IL were detect with ELISA assay, and intestinal -2 and IL-4 in intestines homogenate and SIgA. of intestines tissue pathological change were detected by HE staining. Results: Danggui Buxue decoction polysaccharides can promote local IL -2, IL -4 and SIgA secreting. Intestinal pathological changes obviously improved. Conclusions: Danggui Buxue decoction polysaccharides effect on immunosuppressed mice infected with cryptosporidiu oocyst..

Zhi Ke/Aurantii

This is a herb with similar actions as Zhi Shi, which is an immature fruit, while Zhi Ke is almost mature. Compared with the actions of Zhi Shi, Zhi Ke is moderate. Both herbs can be used to treat angina pectoris, ulcer, cholecystitis, gallbladder stone, urinary tract system stone, ileus and hepatitis, etc.

Effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle

Decoction of zhi shi and zhi qiao could excite gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

Hepatic and splenic flexure syndrome

mu xing, hou po, da fu pi, bing lang, lai fu zi, zhi ke, 30g each; chen xiang 15g. 1 dose every day, water decoction. The symptoms were relieved after 3 days and disappeared after 7 days (Wen et al, 1998).

Bai Ji Li/Tribuli

Modern research showed that Ci Ji Li could increase the heart contractility, decrease the heart rate, dilate the coronary artery and peripheral blood vessels; it could also mildly lower the blood pressure. Saponin of Ji Li could significantly antagonize myocardial ischemia, lower the cholesterol level in rabbits with experimental hypercholesteremia, and prevent the lipid deposition in the artery, cardiac muscle and liver. Ci Ji Li was a tonic and could delay ageing, stimulate the generation of the sperm, and increase libido and fecundity. Its extract had inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus and bacillus coli. Ci Ji Li could also relax the smooth muscle and improve immunity.

In clinic, the herb is indicated in the treatment of hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperviscosity syndrome, chronic bronchitis, hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos, impotence, infertility, infantile autumn diarrhoea, boil, furuncle, carbuncle, seborrheic alopecia, vitiligo, acute urticaria, skin pruritus, wart, toxic deafness, dentin hypersensitiveness and glaucoma, etc.

Xiang Fu/Cyperus

Modern research showed that Xiang Fu could inhibit bacteria, promote bile secretion. Its ethanol extract could relax isolated ileum of rabbits, and antagonize the contraction of large intestine muscle induced by acetylcholine, 5-HT and BaCl 2 . It could protect the bronchial spasm in guinea pigs induced by histamine. Fluid extract could inhibit isolated uterus of rabbits, mice and pigs, relax uterine smooth muscle. It had obvious treating effect on experimental gastritis in rats. Volatile oil had oestrogen-like activity; ethanol extract had analgesic and blood pressure lowering effects.

In clinic, Xiang Fu is used to treat chronic lymphocytic thyroicitis, hyperplasia of mammary glands, precancerous gastric lesion, premenstrual stress syndrome, gynecomastism, chronic gastritis and vascular headache, etc.

Effects on bile secretion

xiang fu could inhibit the bile secretions. Water decoction at the dosage of 30g/kg had cholagogue effect on normal rats and rats with injured liver caused by CCl4.

Effects on smooth muscle

Ethanol extract of xiang fu could relax isolated rabbit ileum, and antagonize the contracture effect of acetylcholine, 5-HT and BaCl2.

Effect on experimental gastritis in rats

Complex water decoction of xiang fu (xiang fu 15g, su geng 15g, bai shao 20g, zhi gan cao 10g, bai hua she she cao 20g, pu gong ying 15g), 2ml every day for 30 days’ gastrogavage. The method could increase the concentration of free acid in the gastric juice, lower pepsin activity and gastric mucus amount and increase serum gastrin in rats with experimental gastritis caused by bile acid and alcohol.

Chronic gastritis

Wan Tong Shu (experimental formula): xiang fu, jiu yan hu suo, chuan lian zi, yu jin, chao bai zhu, 9g each; guang mu xiang, chao zhi ke, zhi gan cao, 6g each. 1 dose every day. With qi deficiency and fatigue, add dang shen 12g, huang qi 15g; with gastric pain relieved by warmth, add gui zhi, gao liang jiang 9g; with vexation add sha shen 10g, mai dong 9g, yu zhu 9g; with vomiting, acid reflux, remove shao yao and gan cao, add zhu ru 6g and duan wa leng zi 15g; with poor appetite, add ji nei jin 9g, chao gu ya 12g; with dry stool, remove mu xiang, add gua lou ren, tao ren 9g. Take the medicine for 1~5 days. 86 cases of chronic gastritis and gastric pain were treated, 47 cases were cured, 35 improved and 4 ineffective (Wen et al., 1998).

Fen Fang Ji/Stephaniae

Stephania tetrandra is a herb used in China and Korea to treat various inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, lung silicosis and hypertension. Its main anti-inflammatory components have been found to be tetrandrine (Tet) and fangchinoline (Fang). Stephania extracts concentrate these two ingredients so that their combined level represents 10 to 20 percent of the extract. A Stephania preparation has shown significant effect in reducing the neutrophil-induced inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Tet and Fang have been shown to suppress multiple inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Tet powerfully suppressed nuclear factor kappa Beta (NFkB) activation in human T cells (immune cells).

NFkB is a multimodal inflammation factor that promotes production of powerful inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Tet effectively reduced conjunctivitis in mice exposed to ragweed pollen, reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-5, while also reducing mast cell degranulation (source of histamine).

All of these are part of the cause of allergen-triggered red, itchy, irritated eyes. Tet and Fang powerfully suppressed formation of thromboxane B2 by human platelets, reducing their tendency to form unnecessary clots. Tet and Fang reduced by 90 percent the production of IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha when human monocytes (white blood cells) were activated by germs.

Tet showed potent inhibitory effect on leukotriene and prostaglandin (PG) generation by human monocytes and neutrophils. Tet did not directly inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme that makes inflammatory PGs, but rather acted like a corticosteroid to inhibit arachidonic acid release from cell membranes, thereby depriving the COX enzyme of the raw material needed to make PGs.

Perhaps most importantly, both Tet and Fang have shown powerful (63 to 86 percent) suppression of IL-6 activity, even at very low concentrations. IL-6 becomes especially problematic with aging, obesity, stress and sleep deprivation. IL-6 is the main cause of elevated blood C-reactive protein, a major risk factor for heart disease.

Therapeutic Effect of Tetrandrine on Ulcerative Colitis Rats

LI Bo-he, XU Yan, WANG Jian-guo, Zhang Dongyun, Cui Mingchen, Yan Wenhai. He Nan Zhi Gong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2009; 21(2): 115-118.

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of tetrandrine on experimental ulcerative colitis rats. Methods: Ulcerative colitis rat model was induced with the compound method of immune induction in combination with chemical stimulation. Rats were normal control group, UC model group and TET groups. randomly divided into three groups as follows: ELISA was used to measure the level of TNF-a and IL-6. Then the rats were killed during the observation of the colonic pathologic changes with naked eyes and for the estimation of the damage scores of colon mucosa. Finally, the colon tissue was fixed to make pathological section and the damage index of colon mucosa was observed under microscope. Results: The tissue damage scores of TET group were (0.2 ± 0. 4) significantly lower than that of model control group (3.3±0.6, P<0.01). Observed under microscope, the pathological damage index of TET group was (2.4±0.5) significantly lower than that of model control group (9.7±0.5, P<0.01). The serum level of TNF-a and IL-6 in TEL group were 1086.53±112.55 and 292.91 ± 26.76 respectively, and were significantly lower than that in the model control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Tetrandrine has protective effect against rat ulcerative colitis, and its mechanism may be related with the reduction of TNF-a and IL-6..

Chuan Niu Xi/Cyathulae

Modern research showed that Chuan Niu Xi could increase blood flow volume in the coronary artery, inhibit in situ heart and lower blood pressure. It could also inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and lower fibrinogen. It had anti-convulsion and anti-pregnancy effects. Fluid extract of Niu Xi could regulate the contraction of uterus. It also had mild diuretic effect.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat laryngitis, angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis and vascular migraine, etc.

Manganese

Manganese (Mn) plays an important role in a number of physiologic processes as a constituent of some enzymes and an activator of other enzymes.

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme of mitochondria. Because mitochondria consume over 90% of the oxygen used by cells, they are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. The superoxide radical is one of the reactive oxygen species produced in mitochondria during ATP synthesis. MnSOD catalyses the conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide, which can be reduced to water by other antioxidant enzymes.

A number of manganese-activated enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol. Pyruvate carboxylase, a manganese-containing enzyme, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a manganese-activated enzyme, play critical roles in gluconeogenesis the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Arginase, another manganese-containing enzyme, is required by the liver for the urea cycle, a process that detoxifies ammonia generated during amino acid metabolism.

Manganese deficiency results in abnormal skeletal development in a number of animal species. Manganese is the preferred cofactor of enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans that are needed for the formation of healthy cartilage and bone.

Wound healing is a complex process that requires increased production of collagen. Manganese is required for the activation of prolidase, an enzyme that functions to provide the amino acid, proline, for collagen formation in human skin cells. A genetic disorder known as prolidase deficiency results in abnormal wound healing among other problems, and is characterized by abnormal manganese metabolism Glycosaminoglycan synthesis, which requires manganese-activated glycosyltranserases, may also play an important role in wound healing.

References

Liu GT et al., 1959. Acta Physiologica Sinica 1959 23(3):203

Wen Weiliang, Fang Shuting, Li Chunsheng, Gao Xiaoshan, Hu Shilin, Chen Fuxin, Zhao Ronglai, Wang Junxuan, Shi Zaixiang, Su Chenlian, Lin Lan, Ye Yisen, Hu Jin, Yu Yingqi, Yu Zhenxuan, Yao Baosen, Wu Jin, Zhang Shuliang, Hou Rongxian, Kou Qiu’ai. Clinical Chinese materia medica, Henan Science & Technology Press, 1998