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Vitamin B6 (P5P)

Vitamin B6 plays a role in the synthesis of antibodies by the immune system, which is needed to fight many diseases. It helps maintain normal nerve function and also acts in the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B6 is also required for the chemical reactions needed to digest proteins. The higher the dietary protein intake, there is a requirement for more vitamin B6.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is an essential trace element for virtually all life forms. It functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymes that catalyse important chemical transformations in the global carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur cycles. Thus, molybdenum-dependent enzymes are not only required for human health, but also for the health of our ecosystem.

The biological form of molybdenum, present in almost all molybdenum-containing enzymes (molybdoenzymes), is an organic molecule known as the molybdenum cofactor. In humans, molybdenum is known to function as a cofactor for three enzymes:

Quercetin

Quercetin is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and is the most abundant of the flavonoid molecules. Quercetin appears to have many beneficial effects on human health, including cardiovascular protection, anti-cancer activity, anti-ulcer effects, anti-allergy activity, cataract prevention, antiviral activity, and anti-inflammatory effects."

Action: Flavonoids, as a rule, are antioxidants, and a number of quercetin effects appear to be due to its antioxidant activity. Quercetin scavenges oxygen radicals, inhibits xanthine oxidase, and inhibits lipid peroxidation in vitro. As another indicator of its antioxidant effects, quercetin inhibits oxidation of LDL cholesterol in vitro, probably by inhibiting LDL oxidation itself, by protecting vitamin E in LDL from being oxidized or by regenerating oxidized vitamin E. By itself, and paired with ascorbic acid, quercetin reduced the incidence of oxidative damage to neurovasculature structures in skin, and inhibited damage to neurons caused by experimental glutathione depletion.

Quercetin anti-inflammatory activity appears to be due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on inflammation-producing enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) and the subsequent inhibition of inflammatory mediators, including leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Inhibition of histamine release by mast cells and basophils also contributes to quercetin anti-inflammatory activity.

Aldose reductase is the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glucose to orbital. This is especially important in the eyes, and plays a part in the formation of diabetic cataracts. Quercetin is a strong inhibitor of human lens aldose reductase.

Quercetin exerts antiviral activity against reverse transcriptase of HIV and other retroviruses, and was shown to reduce the infectivity and cellular replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1, poliovirus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Indications

Quercetin: Works like an antihistamine, treats allergies, prevents heart disease and Cancer.

Speed up healing of recurrent heartburn, or gastroesophogeal reflux disorder (GERD)

Epstein-Barr virus may be suppressed.

Diabetic neuropathies.

Allergies: Quercetin has mast-cell-stabilizing effects make it an obvious choice for use in preventing histamine release in allergy cases, similar to the synthetic flavonoid analogue cromolyn sodium. Absorption of the pure aglycone quercetin is poor (see below); however, much of quercetin's anti-allergy effects may be due to anti-inflammatory and anti-histaminic effects in the gut.

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Quercetin's cardiovascular effects centre on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation ex vivo. The Zutphen Elderly Study investigated dietary flavonoid intake and risk of coronary heart disease. The risk of heart disease mortality decreased significantly as flavonoid intake increased. Individuals in the upper 25 per cent of flavonoid intake had a relative risk of 0.42 compared to the lowest 25 per cent in this 5-year follow-up study of men ages 65-84. Interestingly, the flavonoid-containing foods most commonly eaten in this study contain a high amount of quercetin (tea, onions, apples). In a cohort of the same study, dietary flavonoids (mainly quercetin) were inversely associated with stroke incidence.

Anti-ulcer/ Gastro protective effects: Animal studies have shown quercetin to be protective of gastric ulceration caused by ethanol, probably by inhibiting lipid peroxidation of gastric cells and/or by inhibition of gastric acid secretion. An interesting aspect of quercetin's anti-ulcer effect is that it has been shown to inhibit growth of Helicobacter pylori in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.

Cancer: As mentioned above, quercetin has been investigated in a number of animal models and human cancer cell lines, and has been found to have anti-proliferative effects. It may also increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. More clinically oriented research needs to be done in this area to discover effective dosage ranges and protocols.

Diabetic Complications: Quercetin's aldose reductase-inhibiting properties make it a useful addition to diabetic nutritional supplementation, to prevent cataract and neurovascular complications.

Viral Infections: Quercetin may be useful in viral infections; however, none of the research so far is clinically based. Even so, concentration on ingesting quercetin-rich foods or supplementation with the pure substance may be helpful during viral illnesses."

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

Vitamin B5, also called pantothenic acid, is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins. All B vitamins help the body to convert carbohydrates into glucose (sugar), which is "burned" to produce energy. These B vitamins, often referred to as B complex vitamins, are essential in the breakdown of fats and protein. B complex vitamins also play an important role in maintaining muscle tone in the gastrointestinal tract and promoting the health of the nervous system, skin, hair, eyes, mouth, and liver.

In addition to playing a role in the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates for energy, Vitamin B5 is critical to the manufacture of red blood cells as well as sex and stress-related hormones produced in the adrenal glands (small glands that sit atop of the kidneys). Vitamin B5 is also important in maintaining a healthy digestive tract and it helps the body use other vitamins (particularly B2 [riboflavin]) more effectively. It is sometimes referred to as the "anti-stress" vitamin because it is believed to enhance the activity of the immune system and improve the body's ability to withstand stressful conditions.

Pantethine, an active stable form of vitamin B5, has been gaining attention in recent years as a possible treatment for high cholesterol. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, however. Panthanol, another form of vitamin B5, is often found in hair care products because of the belief that it makes hair more manageable, softer, and shinier.

Vitamin B5 can be found in all living cells and is widely distributed in foods so deficiency of this substance is rare. Symptoms of a vitamin B5 deficiency may include fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability, vomiting, stomach pains, burning feet, and upper respiratory infections.

EGCG (Epigallocatchin Gallate)

Dona and colleagues stated, “Green tea is rich in flavonoids and indeed epidemiological, in vitro, and animal-model studies have associated green tea consumption with health benefits, including decreased inflammation. The researchers found both EGCG (the most important green tea polyphenol) and green tea extract (GTE) inhibited neutrophil-mediated angiogenesis in an in vivo inflammatory angiogenesis model.

Inflammation-induced angiogenesis (growing new blood vessels) helps tumours create the massive blood supply they need for growth. Researchers also found that oral GTE enhanced resolution in a mouse lung inflammation model, significantly reducing subsequent fibrosis. Ahmed and associates found EGCG reduced expression and activity of COX-2 in human chondrocytes (cartilage-producing cells) from osteoarthritis cartilage. They also found GTE reduced inflammatory PGE2 production when the chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 beta.

Kundu and co-workers found that mice pre-treated with oral GTE had reduced COX-2 expression when stimulated by a tumour promoter. Wheeler and associates found that EGCG inhibited NFkB activation in human lung epithelial cells treated with IL-1 beta, which is a powerful activator of NFkB. The same researchers had also previously shown that EGCG inhibits TNF-alpha activation of super inflammatory NFkB. Aktas and colleagues found that EGCG reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (inflammatory brain disease) when mice were orally pre-treated with EGCG. They also found that EGCG significantly reduced TNF-alpha production in the mice.

Hussain and co-workers found that EGCG inhibited COX-2 without inhibiting COX-1 expression (COX-1 is important for intestinal and kidney health) in several different types of human prostate cancer cells. Varilek and associates found that GTE attenuated chronic inflammation in mice suffering inflammatory bowel disease, demonstrating lower interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha levels than control mice with colitis that were not given EGCG. Thus EGCG-rich green tea extract also qualifies as a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agent.

Houttuynia cordata (Yu Xing Cao)

Modern research showed that Houttuynia cordata had anti-microbial effect: it had inhibitory effect on various bacteria including haemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus and pneumococcus, etc.; a yellowish oily extract from Houttuynia cordata had inhibitory effect on various microbe, especially on yeast and mould; Houttuynia cordata also had anti-viral effect. Houttuynia cordata could improve immunity. It also had anti-tussive, expectorant effects and could relieve asthma. Besides, Houttuynia cordata had diuretic, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic, anti-cancer and anti-psoriasis effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis and bronchodilatation, carcinoid pleural effusion, emptysis, whooping cough, acute hepatitis with jaundice, acute bacillary dysentery, functional diarrhoea, fever, mumps, nephrotic syndrome, infertility, cervical erosion, pelvic inflammation, annexitis, cervicitis, urticaria, rhinitis and purulent otitis media, etc.

Extraction of Volatile Oil from Houttuynia Cordata and Its Anti-biotic and Anti-virus Activities

ZHANG Wei, LU Fang-guo, PAN Shuang-yin, Li Shan. Shi Yong Yu Fang Yi Xue. 2008

Objective: To explore the extraction technology of volatile oil from Houttuynia Cordata, and to observe the antibiotic and anti-virus activities of volatile oil. Methods Volatile oil in fresh wild caudex Houttuynia Cordata was extracted by steam distillation. The chemical components in the extracted oil were identified and determined via GO-MS analysis. The antibiotic activity of the extract was measured by agar-diffusion assay, and the inhibitory effect on influenza virus was determined by chick embryo culture and blood coagulation test. Results and Conclusions: The best method for the extraction of the volatile oil from Houttuynia Cordata was first to smash and grind the plant material and then to distil with steam for 4 h in a water bath of 100 ℃. Houttuyfonate, 2-Undecanone and others altogether 2. 5 compounds were, identified. Assay for antibiotic activity showed that the extract had inhibitory effect on b-haemolytic streptococcus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coil, and that the highest inhibitory effect was on S. aureus. When the amount was higher than a 31.25 mg/ml concentration of the extracted oil showed inhibitory effect on multiplication of influenza virus and a complete inhibition was obtained when the oil concentration reached 250mg/ml. The inhibitory effect on the virus was 4 times higher in the chicken embryo.

Effects of Herba Houttuyniae on the Antibacterial Activity of Five Antibiotics

XIONG Nan-yan, WANG Xue-ling, CAO Ming-yao, JIANG Cai-e, DU Hai-feng. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2008

Objective To study the effects of Herba Houttuyniae on the in vivo antibacterial activity of penicillin, cefazolin, ampieillin, erythromyein laetobionate and gentamyein sulfate in rabbits. Methods 55 healthy rabbits were randomly divided into 11 equal groups, 5 animals each group. The rabbits of group 1-11 were given a daily IV injection of Herba Houttuyniae (1ml · kg^-1), penicillin (0. 12 g· kg^-1), Herba Houttuyniae (1ml · kg^-1) and penicillin (0. 12g· kg^-1), cefazolin (0.07 g· kg^-1), Herba Houttuyniae (1 ml · kg^-1) and eefazolin (0.07 g· kg^-1, ampieillin (0. 15 g· kg^-1), Herba Houttuyniae (1ml · kg^-1) and ampieillin (0. 15 g· kg^-1), erythromyein laetobionate (0.05 g· kg^-1), Herba Houttuyniae (1 ml · kg^-1) and erythromycin lactobionate (0.05 g· kg^-1), gentamycin sulfate (3 000 u · kg^-1), Herba Houttuyniae (1 ml · kg^-1) and gentamyein sulfate (3 000u · kg^-1), for 6 consecutive days. 5 ml of blood were taken from the heart of each rabbit and the antibacterial activities of the sera were measured by microbiological methods. Results Herba Houttuyniae itself was shown to have little antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo, it did not significantly enhance the in vitro antibacterial activity of five antibiotics. But it did very significantly enhance the in vivo antibacterial activity of penicillin, ampieillin, and gentamyein sulfate (P< 0.01). However Herba Houttuyniae had no obvious influence on the antibacterial activity of eefazolin and erythromyein lactobionate (P) 0.05). Conclusion Herba Houttuyniae in combination with penicillin, ampieillin and gentamyein sulfate, but not with eefazolin and erythromyein laetobionate, is shown to have a synergistic antibacterial activity.

Taraxacum mongolicum (Pu Gong Ying)

Modern research showed that it could inhibit bacteria, promote bile secretion, protect the liver, induce diuresis and improve immunity. It could excite isolated frog heart at low dosages and show inhibitory effect at large dosages. It had anti-cancer effect and could promote lactation in women. In clinic, this herb is used to treat acute conjunctivitis, acute pyogenic infections, hepatitis, peptic ulcer, biliary cardiac syndrome, mumps, gastric pain and uraemia, etc.

Main Medical Effect of the Extracts from Herba taraxaci and Total Flavones in Chamaejasmine

Su Sheng-hua, JIN Ya-ping, QIN Xin-xi, SONG Yu-min. Xi Bei Nong Ye Xue Bao. 2008; 17(4): 181-185.

In order to study the bacteriostasis and anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the extracts from Herba taraxaci and total flavones in chamaejasmine. The bacteriostasis and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three extracts on S. aureas, E. coli, S. dysagalactie were detected by plate process and test tube method. The antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions were observed by pyretic rabbits induced by intravenous injection of milk and mice with ear swelling induced by xylene. The results showed that the fraction of Herba taraxaci eluted with 40% of ethanol (40%HT) and total flavones in chamaejasmine (TFC) had midrange inhibitory effect on those bacteria, and the combination of 40% HT and TFC had significant efficacy. TFC and 40% HT at dose of 500, 250 mg/kg and 90% HT at 500 mg/kg had significant inhibitory effect on ear swelling in mice(P<0.01). Two extracts from Herba taraxaci both had significant antipyretic action(P<0.01 or P<0.05>, but TFC did not’ have that function.

Bupleurum (Chai hu)

Modern research showed that Bupleurum had anti-febrile, sedative, analgesic, anti-tussive, expectorant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. It could promote bile secretion, relax biliary tract sphincter. Bupleurum preparations could protect the liver from injury induced by typhoid vaccine, CCl 4 and penicillin. Saikosaponin at the concentration of 1×10 -4 ~2×10 -4 could isolated intestinal smooth muscle, significantly inhibit the secretion of gastric juice and lower the activity of pepsin. Saikosaponin at the concentration of 1×10 -4 ~2×10 -4 could inhibit isolated frog and guinea pig's cardiac muscle. Sailosaponin could lower plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid. Bupleurum could improve both humeral and cellular immunity. Crude Saponins had obvious haemolytic reaction. Bupleurum also had slightly inhibitory effect on cancer cells.

In clinic, the herb is used to treat infantile high fever, hyperlipemia, multiple sclerosis, pancreatitis due to belly worm, fatty liver, primary trigeminal neuralgia, angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease, snoring and chronic hepatitis B, etc.

Activity of monomers of pentaeyclic triterpennoids of Saikosaponines against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurens

SHEN Liang-liang, YE Yuan-kang, PAN Sheng-li, WU Ji-min. Tong Ji Da Xue Xue Bao: Yi Xue Ban. 2008; 29(3): 15-18.

Objective The chemical structure of the antimicrobial activity of isolated monomers from Bupleurum kunmingense is pentaeyclic triterpennoids (Bp3). The effect of Bp3 on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and synergism of Bp3 with Cephazolin were studied. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Bp3 and synergism effects of Bp3 with Cephazolin on 20 MRSA strains were detected by micro dilution method and checkerboard micro dilution method according to the Standard of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory (NCCLS). Results The inhibitory effects of Bp3 on MRSA were better than Cephazolin. When Bp3 and Cephazolin were given in combination, the MIC of this combination to MRSA was significantly reduced. Bp3 and Cephazolin showed synergism effects or additional effects on 20 MRSA strains. Conclusion Bp3 can inhibit MRSA to some extent. The combination effect of Bp3 and Cephazolin is significantly more active than any drug alone against MRSA.

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of volatile oil of Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium

XIE Dong-hao, JIA Xiao-bin, CAI Bao-chang, ZHANG Lin-song. Yao Xue Yu Lin Chuang Yan Jiu. 2007; 15(2): 108-110.

Objective: To compare the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities between volatile oil of Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. Methods: Anti -inflammatory effects between B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, were determined using xylene induced ear oedema and abdominal capillary permeability test in mice. Analgesic activities of those two kind of Bupleurum were evaluated using hot-plate test and writhing test. Results: Both 5 g·kg^-1 and 10 g·kg^-1 dosage of B. scorzonerifolium group, as well as 10 g·kg^-1 dosage of B. chinense group produced a significant inhibition of ear oedema and the abdominal capillary permeability compared with that of control group. 10 g·kg^-1 dosage of B. scorzonerifolium group and 10 g·kg^-1 dosage of B. chinense group also exhibited a promising reduction in mice writhing and an elevation of the pain threshold compared with that of the control group. Conclusion: Both B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium possesses certain anti -inflammatory effects, the different was that the effect of the latter one is superior to the other. While there were no significant difference in analgesic effects between them.

Agastache rugosa (Huo Xiang)

Modern research showed that Huo Xiang had anti-fungal, anti-leptospira (bacteria), anti-tussive and expectorant effects. It could promote the secretion of gastric juice. In clinic, this herb is used to treat viral hepatitis, common cold, summer diarrhoea, thrombophlebitis, infantile diarrhoea, insect bites, conjunctivitis and sinusitis, etc.

Typha angustifolia (Pu Huang)

Modern research showed that Typhae could increase the blood flow volume in isolated coronary artery of rabbits and rats, and decrease the heartbeat of isolated hearts of frogs, rabbits and guinea pigs. Typhae could decrease the range of myocardial infarction, lower the permeability of capillary vessels, eliminate oedema and improve blood circulation in cardiac muscles. It had influence over blood rheology. Typhae could result in obvious atrophy of thymus gland and spleen; inhibit immune response, humeral and cellular immunity. It had glucocorticoid-like effect. Typhae could increase the phagocytic rate of phagocytes in rats and increase its serum antlzyme activity, protect endothelial cells of the blood vessel. It could lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride, increase HDL-C, lower the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C so as to exert its anti- arteriosclerosis effect. It also had anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombosis, anti-pregnancy and anti-arrhythmic effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat chronic ulcerative colitis, skin ulcer, bedsore, and angina pectoris in coronary heart disease, uterine bleeding, ulcerative rectitis and neuralgia after herpes zoster, etc.

Coix lacryma-jobi (Yi Ren)

Modern research showed that the herb could inhibit cancer cells, increase the strength and amplitude of uterus in rabbits and guinea pigs. Ingredients of Coix lacryma-jobi had analgesic, anti-febrile, blood pressure and blood sugar lowering effects. The herb can be used to treat wart, chyluria, pulmonary abscess, intestinal abscess, diarrhoea, proteinuria in chronic nephritis and ovarian cyst, etc.

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan Shen)

Modern research showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza could alleviate the denaturalization and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in glycerin-induced acute renal failure in rats, decrease the cast in lumen, increase blood flow volume in kidneys, improve creatinine clearance rate, and lower urea nitrogen; it also had diuretic effect. It could protect ischemic injury of kidney and protect the kidneys from the injury caused by gentamycin, also prevent the declining of Na-K-ATP enzyme activity of renal cortex. Salvia miltiorrhiza had obvious preventing and protecting effects on renal hemodynamic disturbance induced by c iclosporin A so that there's no obvious declining of glomerular filtration rate and urine volume, and renal blood flow volume increased compared with previous condition. Water extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza had obvious protecting function on isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. It also had preventing effect on acute myocardial ischemia caused by coronary artery ligation in rats (intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 5g crude drug/kg). For pulmonary injury caused by deep x-ray in mice, Salvia miltiorrhiza could promote the rehabilitation. But it had no obvious protecting effect on thymus gland. Salvia miltiorrhiza could increase the blood flow volume in gastric mucosa; inhibit tissue peroxidation, strengthening the anti-oxidant ability of gastric mucosa. Salvia miltiorrhiza could stimulate the mucus secretions of gastric wall, consolidate the barrier of gastric mucosal, effectively block the ischemic and anoxia condition of gastric mucosa induced by ethanol so that prevent deep tissues of gastric mucosa from injury. Salvia miltiorrhiza had inhibitory effect on cervical carcinoma in mice.

Water-soluble ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza could inhibit carrageen-induced foot oedema in rats. Water-soluble active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and magnesium lithospermate B had the functions of improving renal function and increasing PGE 2 output in the urine. Salvia miltiorrhiza could inhibit leukotriene generation in polynuclear leukocytes. Granular progenitor cells in marrow of mice injected Compound Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection (made from Dan Shen and Jiang xiang) is obvious higher than those in control group. Huo Xue Hua Yu Fang (70% decoction made from Dan shen, Chuan xiong and Dang gui in the proportion of 8:3:3) could obviously improve the development of foetus; decrease the pathological changes of placenta in rats. In immature rates, Salvia miltiorrhiza could increase blood oestradiol, uterus weight, and PGE 2 in the ovary. Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection had protecting function on liver cells of D-galactose induced experimental liver injury in rats. In healthy individuals, intravenous drip of 20ml Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection could decrease a rhythm, lower its amplitude in EEG, and 4C/S~7C/S wave followed by S wave activity appeared, which indicated that Salvia miltiorrhiza had inhibitory effect on central nerve.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat viral myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic simple rhinitis, hepatitis, chronic renal failure, nasopharyngeal cancer, infantile allergic purpura, pharyngitis and infantile pneumonia, etc.

Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of the Important Ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge-Tanshinone II-A in RAW264. 7 Cell Line

TANG Tao, GUO Wei-qiang, WANG Jue, CHEN Ming-jie, HE Guang-yuan. Sheng Wu Ji Shu Tong Xun. 2007; 18(1): 51-53.

Objective: To research the anti-inflammatory mechanism of tanshinone II-A, which is an important ingredient in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Methods: RAW264. 7 cell lines were inhibited by tanshinone II-A with different concentration as target cell. When RAW264. 7 were inhibited for 24, 48 h, used MTT assay and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results: According to MTT assay, IC50 of the anti-inflammatory is 43. 2 mmol/L; in semi-quantitative RT-PCR experiment, tanshinone II-A inhibit the action of phospholipases A2. Conclusion: The results also demonstrate the action of anti-inflammatory mechanism is performed by inhibiting the action of phospholipases A2.

Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin)

Modern research showed that Scutellaria baicalensis had anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, spasmolytic, anti-tussive, anti-oxidant, anti-febrile and sedative effects. It could lower blood pressure, induce diuresis, lower cholesterol and slightly increase blood sugar. It could promote the bile secretion and protect the liver. It also had cancer-inhibitory and detoxifying effect. Besides, it could prevent thrombosis and arteriosclerosis.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat infantile acute respiratory tract infection, chronic bronchitis, acute bacillary dysentery, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, pyelonephritis, nephrites, hypertension, acne, erysipelas, hyperlipemia, vomiting due to pregnancy, scarlet fever, sty and trachoma, etc.

Comparative study on anti. inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis from different habit

Ke Hong, Pan Longrui, Wang Yan. Xian Dai Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2009

Objective: It is to investigate the different anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis from several vegetatively, and approach the quality of Scutellaria baicalensis from Shiyan. Methods The anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis water decoction from four sources (Chifeng, Inner Mongolia; Yunnan; Shennongjia, Hubei; Yunxian, Hubei) on turpentine-induced ear oedema and acetic acid-induced acute peritonitis in mice were observed and compared. Results The anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis from four areas on turpentine-induced ear oedema and acetic acid-induced acute peritonitis in mice were no significant differences. Conclusion There is no significant difference between Scutellaria baicalensis from Shiyan and quality products Scutellaria baicalensis that the pharmacopoeia stipulates, and the Scutellaria baicalensis from Shiyan can REPLACE application on anti-inflammatory effects as quality products Scutellaria baicalensis.

Effect of total flavonoids of Radix Scutellariae on TLR2/Nod2 expression in lung after infection of staphylococcus aureus in vivo and in vitro

WANG Yu-gang, WU Hao, MENG Zhen, LAN Jia-qi, YOU Xue-fu, XING Dong-ming, DU Li-jun. Zhong Guo Yao Li Xue Tong Bao. 2009; 25(7): 866-870.

Aim To explore the anti-inflammation effect of total flavonoids of Radix Scutellariae (FRS), containing of baicalin the principle active component, in vitro and in vivo, and to explore the mechanisms and possible target of FRS action. Methods Depending upon the models of AT 11 (primary alveolar epithelial cells), in vitro, and the pneumonia mice, in vivo, infected by Staphylococcus aureus, the amount of the bacteria live and mRNA expression of TLR2, Nod2, MyD88 and TNF-a were tested by RT-PCR. Result FRS could not help to reduce the amount of bacteria invaded into the cytoplasm, in vitro and in vivo. It did not diminish the rising TNF-a level after the infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo. FRS did not have anti-inflammation effect. TLR2 expression was not changed significantly after the infection and FRS administering. Nod2 expression rose significantly after the infection and was down regulated to near normal after adding FRS. TNF-a and Nod2 showed close correlation. Conclusion The anti-inflammation effect of FRS relies on its ability to repress Nod2 expression.

Mechanism of Anti-aerocyst Arthromeningitis Effect of Total Flavonoids of Bacial Skullcap Stem and Leaf

WANG Wei, BAI Yue, WANG Jun-ping. Shen Yang Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2008; 10(1): 24-25.

Objective: To study the mechanism of the anti-aerocyst arthromeningitis effect of total flavonoids of Bacial Skullcap Stem and Leaf. Methods: Rat model of aerocyst arthromeningitis was made and the total proteins and leukotriene B4 in the rat inflammatory exudates using enzyme-linked immuno assay were determined. Results : Total flavonoids of Bacial Skullcap Stem and Leaf could effectively inhibit the formation of LTB4 in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Conclusion: Its anti-inflammatory action might be resulted from its inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase.

Atractylodes macrocephala (Bai Zhu)

Modern research showed that Atractylodis could lower blood sugar, improve cellular immunity and inhibit ulcer. It could dilate blood vessels and slightly lower blood pressure. It could promote the body weight gain in rats; induce diuresis in rats, rabbits and dogs. Volatile oil of Atractylodis had inhibitory effect on Ehrlich carcinoma and S180 in mice. In clinic, Atractylodis is used to treat chronic uterine bleeding, non-specific colitis, acute nephritis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis, Meniere's syndrome and hyperlipemia, etc.

Astragalus membranaceus (Huang Qi)

Modern research showed that Astragali could improve immunity, promote metabolism, lower the blood pressure and promote haematopoiesis. It had cardiotonic, anti-ageing, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, sedative, analgesic, anti-fatigue and anti-anoxic effects. It could strengthen the memorizing effect in mice, dilate the coronary artery and capillary blood vessels, and protect the Liver.

In clinic, the herb is used to treat common cold, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary heart disease, coronary heart disease, premature beat, congestive heart failure, viral myocarditis, leukopenia, thrombopenic purpura, aplastic anaemia, cerebral vascular accident, insomnia, atrophic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, gastroptosis, chronic hepatic diseases, chronic nephritis, retention of urine, diabetes, prostatic hyperplasia, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, epidemic haemorrhagic fever, SLE, arthritis, psoriasis, chronic ulcer, cancer, rhinitis and facial paralysis, etc.

Studies on Preparation and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Astragalosides of Yu Pingfeng Powders

Wang Lin, Yah Chen. Tian Jin Yao Xue. 2007; 19(1): 31-32.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the preparation techniques and content determination method of total glycosides of Yu Pingfeng powders and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Yu Pingfeng powders. METHODS Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV were used to determinate Astragaloside A of Astragalus and select the optimum technology to prepare Yu Pingfeng powders. Anti-inflammatory activity of Yu Pingfeng powders was investigated using oedematous swelling model in mice. RESULTS: The optimum technology was reflux extraction with the 80% ethanol. Yu Pingfeng powders had a significantly inhibitory effect on oedematous swelling of ears in mice. CONCLUSION Yu Pingfeng powders has an obvious anti-inflammatory activity.

Effects of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction on rats with adjuvant arthritis

Shi Xuguang, Zhu Wei, Huang Zhaosheng, Zhao Zhendong, Wang Zhongwei. Zhong Yao Yao Li Yu Lin Chuang. 2006; 22(3): 3-5.

Objective: To observe the effects of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Tang (HQGZWWT) on rats with adjuvant arthritis(AA). Methods: The therapeutic effect on AA rats, including the influence on primary and secondary arthritis, the influence on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of red blood cells, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX) activity in blood, and on contents of malonic aldehyde (MDA), nitrous oxide (NO) of HQGZWWT were observed. Results: HQGZWWT could not only markedly defend and treat the primary and secondary arthritis of AA rats, but also decrease the contents of MDA and NO in the AA rats blood serum, boost up activity of SOD and GSH-Px. Conclusion: HQGZWWT has significant therapeutic effects on AA rats, which might be related to both of decreasing lipid peroxidation and inhibiting synthesis of NO.

Cinnamomum cassia (Gui Zhi)

Modern research showed that Cinnamomum had anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects. It could bi-directionally regulate the body temperature, excite gastrointestinal smooth muscle and improve peripheral blood circulation. It also had anti-allergic, expectorant, anti-tussive and diuretic effects.

In clinic, this herb is used to treat asthma, frequent premature beat, refractory nephrotic syndrome, women diseases, sciatica, keratitis, chronic skin ulcer, allergic purpura, cancer pain and infantile vomiting, etc.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Peony Root and Ramulus Cinnamomi (Cinnamon Twig)

Zeng Zao-chang. Zhong Guo Yi Yao Dao Kan. 2009; 11(4): 617-619.

Objective: To study the effects of Peony Root and Ramulus Cinnamomi on anti-inflammation when used separately and in combination. Methods: Two drugs were prepared from decoctions separately and in combination. An experimental rat model with inflamed paw oedema, was induced by hen eggs or formaldehyde. The anti-inflammatory effects were been observed on the formation of cotton ball granuloma in rats. At the end, a mouse model with ear swelling induced by xylene was established. They were used to evaluate the impact of the anti-inflammation in Peony Root and Ramulus Cinnamomi separately and in combination. Results: On the basis of experiments, the anti-inflammatory effect appeared stronger when the two drugs were used in combination, especially in comparison with the use of Ramulus Cinnamomi alone. Conclusions: The drugs combination is more effective on anti-inflammation.

Experimental Study on the Anti-inflammation Effect of Volatile Oil in Ramulus Cinnamomi

XU ShiJun, SHEN Yingjun, XIE Yuhuan. Zhong Yao Xin Yao Yu Lin Chuang Yao Li. 2007; 18(3): 186-189.

Objective: To study the anti -inflammation effect of volatile oil from Ramulus cinnamomi (VORC). Methods Anti-inflammation effect was studied with the methods of mice auricular swelling, mice celiac capillary permeability, rat hind paw oedema and acute pneumonia model. Results VORC had an inhibitory effect on acute inflammation of mice induced by xylene, celiac capillary permeability of mice induced by acetic acid, oedema of rat hind paw induced by carrageenan, acute pulmonary inflammation of rat induced by LPS. Conclusion VORC has a markedly anti-inflammation action. Acute pneumonia.

Perilla frutescens (Zi Su Ye)

Modern research showed that the herb had anti-microbial, antiseptic and anti-febrile effects. It could reduce the secretions in the bronchia, and relieve bronchial spasm. It could inhibit platelet aggregation, and had obvious haemostatic effect. It could inhibit the contracture of uterus, promote the secretion of gastric juice, increase the gastrointestinal peristalsis and slightly inhibit cancer cells. In clinic, the herb is used to treat infantile asthma, chronic persistent bronchitis, vomiting, autumn diarrhoea and chronic atrophic gastritis, etc.

Studying on antibacterial activities of Perilla frutescens (L.) britt, and commelina commnnis

LU Feng, Zhong Guo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao Za Zhi. 2009; 18(17): 22-24

24 extracts were obtained by extracting the stems and leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. and Commelina communis L by organic solvents. The antibacterial activities of those extracts were tested against 8 bacterial strains by paper disco diffusion method. It was found that the antibacterial activities of P. frutescens (L.) Britt. were stronger than those of C. communis L. The EtOAc and P. E. of extract of stem of P. frutescens (L.) Britt. showed good activities against the tested bacterial strains. The diameter of inhibition one of the former extracts was among 7. 0-11. 0mm and that of the latter extracts was among 8. 3-14. 3mm. These two extracts are the major antibacterial parts of P. frutescens (L.) Britt and they exhibit a broad-spectrum action on bacteria.

Studies on Antibacterial Constituents of Perilla frutescens

GUO Qun-Qun, DU Gui-Cai, LI Rong-Gui, TENG Da-Wei. Gao Deng Xue Xiao Hua Xue Xue Bao. 2006; 27(7): 1292-1294.

Perilla frutescens (labiatae), as a Chinese traditional and herbal drug with a long history, was determined to consist of abundant bioactive constituents, which make it a potential resource for pharmaceutical utilization. The ethyl acetate extract of fresh Perilla frutescens was tested to have a strong antibacterial activity. Four compounds were obtained by column chromatography. The results of antibacterial experiment show that the four compounds all have the activity for inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureas and Escherichia Coli. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidences, their chemical structures were determined as 3, 3’-diethoxy rosmarinic acid(1), Luteolin(2), Caffeic acid(3), Rosmarinic acid(4). Compound 1 was novel.

Citrus medica (Fo Shou)

Modern research showed that this herb had significant inhibitory effect on isolated intestinal canal of rats, and had spasmolytic effect on duodenal spasm in rabbits. It could also inhibit the heart and lower blood pressure. In clinic, this herb is used to treat infectious hepatitis, chronic gastritis, impotence, gastric and duodenal ulcer, etc.

Effect of ethyl acetate extract from bergamot in asthmatic mouse model

YIN Hong-ping, XU Shun-mei. Jian Kang Yan Jiu. 2009

Objective: To explore the effect of ethyl acetate extract from bergamot(EAEB) on inflammation leukocytes in asthmatic mouse model. Methods The asthmatic mouse model was established by sensitization of intraperitoneal injection and atomized stimulation with ovalbumin (OVA). Some asthma model mice were intervened with EAEB (EAEB group) and others were positive control by receiving dexamethasone (DXM) treatment (DXM group). The number of leukocytes and eosinophil’s in peripheral blood was counted and pathological change of pulmonary tissue was examined. Results compared with the asthmatic group, the number of leukocytes, eosinophil’s and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of EAEB group and DXM group were significantly lower (P<0.05 and<0.01, respectively), while no significant difference of these indices was found between the EAEB group and DXM group(P >005). Pathological examination of lung tissue of asthmatic group showed that large amount of inflammation cells (eosinophil’s, plasmocytes and lymphocytes) was found surrounding the bronchus and vessels. Inflammation cell infiltration was also detected in pulmonary mesenchyme and alveolus and mucus secretion was found in airway epithelium. While compared with asthmatic group, the EAEB group and DXM group had less inflammation cells infiltration in lung tissue and no mucus secretion in airway epithelium. Conclusion EABA can suppress eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatic mice.

Paeonia lactiflora (Chi Shao)

Modern research showed that it could increase the blood volume amount in the coronary artery, cardiac output, lower the resistance of coronary artery, total peripheral resistance and oxygen consumption of cardiac muscles. It could lower whole blood viscosity, inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombosis time, etc. Chi Shao could relieve the spasm of isolated ileum of guinea pigs induced by acetylcholine. The herb also had anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, sedative and analgesic effects. It's a tonic and could protect liver cells. The herb is used to treat serious hepatitis with jaundice, IBS, chronic pulmonary heart failure with pulmonary artery hypertension and sudden death, etc.

Ligusticum striatum (Chuan Xiong)

Modern research showed that Ligusticum striatum could increase the blood volume amount in the coronary artery, antagonize the myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin, lower blood pressure, lower blood viscosity and slightly dilate micro artery. It could reduce spontaneous activity in rats and have sedative effect. It also had anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects. This herb is used to treat renal colic, hypertension of pregnancy, aphasia due to trauma, acute abdominal pain, acute cerebral infarction, cervical spondylopathy, TIA, migraine and pulmonary artery hypertension, etc.

References

Ke Hong, Pan Longrui, Wang Yan. Xian Dai Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2009; 18(24): 2902-2903.

LU Feng, Zhong Guo Min Zu Min Jian Yi Yao Za Zhi. 2009; 18(17): 22-24.

YIN Hong-ping, XU Shun-mei. Jian Kang Yan Jiu. 2009; (2): 92-94.

XIONG Nan-yan, WANG Xue-ling, CAO Ming-yao, JIANG Cai-e, DU Hai-feng. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2008; 19(7): 1661-1663

ZHANG Wei, LU Fang-guo, PAN Shuang-yin, Li Shan. Shi Yong Yu Fang Yi Xue. 2008; 15(2): 312-316.